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       Linda Gonder-Frederick, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville, VA.

       Daniel J. Cox, PhD, ABPP, is a clinical psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences and the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, VA.

       Harsimran Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville, VA.

       Jaclyn A. Shepard, PsyD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville, VA.

      Chapter 4 Cognitive Difficulties in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

      Clarissa S. Holmes, PhD

      Research into the cognitive status of youth with diabetes has grown over the last quarter of a century and increased in sophistication. Incorporation of neuroimaging techniques allows better understanding of physiological correlates and substrates of emerging cognitive patterns. Discussion of neuroimaging results is beyond the scope of this chapter but the reader is referred to several recent reviews (Musen 2008a, Holmes 2010). Despite these scholarly gains in understanding the relation between diabetes and cognitive status in youth, familial differences and demographic factors, such as social class status, still remain primary factors that account for significant individual differences in cognition, consistent with results from the general population (Overstreet 1997a,

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