Optical Cryptosystems - Naveen K. Nishchal

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Shenzhen University with whom I have had the opportunity to interact and learn the subject.

      I must thank Elsevier, OSA, and SPIE for allowing me to reuse some of their diagrams/images published in various journals. Thanks are due to Jessica Fricchione, Poppy Emerson, and Sarah Armstrong from IOP Publishing, UK, for guiding me on many issues while preparing the manuscript.

      I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all my students, Dr Sudheesh K Rajput, Dr Isha Mehra, Dr Dhirendra Kumar, Dr Areeba Fatima, Alok K Gupta, Avishek Kumar, Praveen Kumar, and Yatish. My continuous interactions with them have led me to a deeper understanding of the subject. They helped me in preparing this manuscript and drawing some of the difficult diagrams.

      Finally, I owe a lot to my family—particularly to my wife Rinki and my son Anvit for allowing me to spend long hours in preparing this manuscript and for their support throughout. I also thank my other family members in appreciation of their patience, encouragement, and constant support while this manuscript was being prepared.

      Naveen Kumar Nishchal

      Dr Naveen Kumar Nishchal is an associate professor in the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Patna. He joined IIT Patna in December 2008. Dr Nishchal received his PhD degree in physics from IIT Delhi in 2005. He joined Instruments Research and Development Establishment, Dehradun, under Defence Research and Development Organisation, as a Scientist ‘C’ in July 2004 and worked until June 2007. Subsequently, he moved to IIT Guwahati and worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Physics from June 2007 to November 2008. He has been a visiting researcher to the Oulu Southern Institute, University of Oulu, Finland. His research interests include optical information processing, image encryption, watermarking, digital holography, interferometry, correlation-based optical pattern recognition, and fractional Fourier transform-based signal processing. Dr Nishchal is a senior member of OSA, SPIE, and life member of the Optical Society of India. He is a life member of Indian Science Congress Association, and Lasers and Spectroscopy Society of India. He has authored or co-authored 60 peer-reviewed international journal papers, two book chapters, and 150 papers in various conferences/seminars/symposia.

AES Advanced encryption standard
AT Amplitude-truncated
BE Beam expander
BR Bacteriorhodopsin film
BS Beam splitter
CC Cross-correlation
CCA Chosen-ciphertext attack
CCD Charge-coupled device camera
CGH Computer generated hologram
CMOS Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
COA Ciphertext-only attack
CPA Chosen-plaintext attack
CS Compressive sensing
CT Computed tomography
1D One-dimensional
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
DCT Discrete cosine transform
DES Data encryption standard
DH Digital holography
DOE Diffractive optical element
DRPE Double random phase encoding
DWT Discrete wavelet transform
EFJPS Encrypted fractional joint power spectrum
EMD Equal modulus decomposition
ERA Error reduction algorithm
FT Fourier transform
FFT Fast Fourier transform
FRT Fractional Fourier transform
FrT Fresnel transform
FWT Fractional wavelet transform
GSA Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm
GT Gyrator transform
GWT Gyrator wavelet transform
HIOA Hybrid input–output algorithm
HM Holographic mask
HOE Holographic optical element
HT Hartley transform
HWP Half wave plate
IDEA International data encryption algorithm
IFT Inverse Fourier transform
JPS Joint power spectrum
JTC Joint transform correlator
KPA Known-plaintext attack
LC Liquid crystal
LCT Linear canonical transform
LCTV Liquid crystal television
LED Light-emitting diode
MATLAB Matrix laboratory
MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems
MO Microscope objective
MGSA Modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MSE Mean square error
MZI Mach–Zehnder interferometer
NIST National Institute of Standards

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