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p>Birds and Nature, Vol. 10 No. 3 [October 1901]

      SONNET – OCTOBER

      The month of carnival of all the year,

      When Nature lets the wild earth go its way,

      And spend whole seasons on a single day.

      The spring-time holds her white and purple dear;

      October, lavish, flaunts them far and near;

      The summer charily her reds doth lay

      Like jewels on her costliest array;

      October, scornful, burns them on a bier.

      The winter hoards his pearls of frost in sign

      Of kingdom: whiter pearls than winter knew,

      Or Empress wore, in Egypt’s ancient line,

      October, feasting ’neath her dome of blue,

      Drinks at a single draught, slow filtered through

      Sunshiny air, as in a tingling wine!

– Helen Hunt Jackson.

      October comes, a woodman old,

      Fenced with tough leather from the cold;

      Round swings his sturdy axe, and lo!

      A fir-branch falls at every blow.

– Walter Thornbury.

      THE YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER

      (Empidonax flaviventris.)

      The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher with the kingbird, the phoebe and the wood pewee belongs to a family of birds peculiar to America – the family Tyrannidæ or the family of tyrants. No better name could be applied to these birds when we take into consideration the enormous number of insects, of all descriptions, that they capture and devour and their method of doing it. They resemble the hawks in some respects. They are at home only where there are trees, on the outer branches of which they can perch and await a passing insect, and when one appears they “launch forth into the air; there is a sharp, suggestive click of the broad bill and, completing their aerial circle, they return to their perch and are again en garde.”

      In the tropics, the land of luxuriant vegetable growth, where the number and kinds of insects seem almost innumerable, the larger number of the three hundred and fifty known species are found. In the United States we are favored with the visits, during the warmer months, of but thirty-five species of these interesting and useful birds.

      As we would naturally expect of birds of prey, whether hunters of insects or of higher animal life, these birds are not usually social, even with their own kind. They are also practically songless, a characteristic which seems perfectly fitted to the habits of the Flycatchers. Some of the species have sweet-voiced calls. This is the case with the wood pewee, of which Trowbridge has so beautifully written in the following verse:

      “Long-drawn and clear its closes were —

      As if the hand of Music through

      The sombre robe of Silence drew

      A thread of golden gossamer;

      So pure a flute the fairy blew.

      Like beggared princes of the wood,

      In silver rags the birches stood;

      The hemlocks, lordly counselors,

      Were dumb; the sturdy servitors,

      In beechen jackets patched and gray,

      Seemed waiting spellbound all the day

      That low, entrancing note to hear —

      ‘Pe-wee! pe-wee! peer!’”

      The Flycatchers are fitted both in the structure of their bills and in the colors of their plumage for the kind of life that they live. The bills are broad and flat, permitting an extensive gape. They live in trees and are usually plainly colored, either a grayish or greenish olive, being not so easily seen by the insects as if more brightly arrayed. This characteristic is known as deceptive coloration.

      The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher has its summer home in eastern North America, breeding from Massachusetts northward to Labrador. In the United States it frequents only the forests of the northern portion and the mountain regions. In the winter it passes southward into Mexico and Central America. Like all the Flycatchers of North America, the very nature of its food necessitates extensive migrations.

      Its generic name is very suggestive. It is Empidonax, from two Greek words, meaning mosquito and a prince – Mosquito Prince!

      Major Bendire says: “In the Adirondack mountains, where I have met with it, it was observed only in primitive mixed and rather open woods, where the ground was thickly strewn with decaying, moss-covered logs and boles, and almost constantly shaded from the rays of the sun. The most gloomy looking places, fairly reeking with moisture, where nearly every inch of ground is covered with a luxuriant carpet of spagnum moss, into which one sinks several inches at every step, regions swarming with mosquitoes and black flies, are the localities that seem to constitute their favorite summer haunts.” Surely the name Empidonax is most appropriate.

      The nest is usually constructed on upturned roots near the ground, or on the ground deeply imbedded in the long mosses. A nest belonging to the National Museum is thus described: “The primary foundation of the nest was a layer of brown rootlets; upon this rested the bulk of the structure, consisting of moss matted together with fine broken weed stalks and other fragmentary material. The inner nest could be removed entire from the outer wall, and was composed of a loosely woven but, from its thickness, somewhat dense fabric of fine materials, consisting mainly of the bleached stems of some slender sedge and the black and shining rootlets of ferns, closely resembling horsehair. Between the two sections of the structure and appearing only when they were separated, was a scant layer of the glossy orange pedicels of a moss not a fragment of which was elsewhere visible. The walls of the internal nest were about one-half an inch in thickness and had doubtless been accomplished with a view of protection from dampness.” The nests are sometimes made of dried grasses interwoven with various mosses and lined with moss and fine black wire-like roots. Again, the birds seem to have an eye for color and will face the outside of the nest with fresh and bright green moss. In every way the nest seems a large house for so small a bird.

      To study this Flycatcher “one must seek the northern evergreen forests, where, far from human habitations, its mournful notes blend with the murmur of some icy brook tumbling over mossy stones or gushing beneath the still mossier decayed logs that threaten to bar the way. Where all is green and dark and cool, in some glen overarched by crowding spruces and firs, birches and maples, there it is we find him and in the beds of damp moss he skillfully conceals his nest.”

      THE REIGN OF THE WHIPPOORWILLS

      When dews begin to chill

      The blossom throngs,

      And soft the brooklets trill

      Their slumber-songs,

      We dusky Whippoorwills

      In conquest hold the hills.

      When, thro’ the midnight dells,

      Wild star-beams glow,

      Like wan-eyed sentinels,

      We dreamward go,

      And hear sung sweetly o’er

      The songs we stilled before.

      When waketh dawn, we flee

      The slumber-main,

      And bid the songsters be

      With us again

      To sing in praise of light

      Above the buried night.

      But O, when sunrise gleams,

      We vanish fast,

      And woo again in dreams

      The starlit past,

      Till, lo! at twilight gray,

      We

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