LITMIR.BIZ

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as lash, lashes; kiss, kisses; box, boxes.

      And surely, when the singular shape ends in -st, our Universities or some high school of speech ought to give us leave to make it somely by the old ending -en or -es instead of -s—fist, fisten, fistes; nest, nesten, nestes.

      What in the world of speech can be harsher than fists, lists, nests?

      It is unhappy that the old ending in -en, which is yet the main one in West Friesic, should have given way to the hissing s.

      Where common names with the definite mark-word become names of places they are wont to lose the article, as The Bath, in Somerset, is now Bath; The Wells, in Somerset, Wells; Sevenoaks, not The Seven Oaks, in Kent.

      In our version of Acts xxvii. 8, we have a place which is called The Fair Havens, instead of Fairhavens without the mark-word, as the Greek gives the name.

      Other thing mark-words offmark all of the things of a name or set from others of another name or set.

       All birds, or all the birds in the wood; or all taken singly, as each or every bird; or somely, as set or share; some few or a few; many or a many birds.

      Another or others beyond one or some under speech.

      Any one or more of a some, either apple or any apples.

      Both, for the two without others; or

      Much or little grass.

      Many mark-words were at first thing-names.

      Many was a menge, a main or upmingled set; and a great many men would mean a great set or gathering of men.

      Few was feo, which seems to have meant at first a cluster or herd; and a few men was a few (cluster) of men.

      Some was a sam or som, a set or upmingled mass; and some men was a sam or som of men.

      Now if the speech is about the set, it may be onely, as ‘There is a great many,’ ‘there is a small few,’ or ‘a few’; but if the speech is about the bemarked things, the mark-word may well be somely – ‘many men are’; ‘few men are’; ‘some men are.’

      In the queer wording, ‘many a man,’ ‘many a flow’r is born to blush unseen,’ it is not at all likely that a is the article. It is rather a worn shape, like a in a-mong (an-menge), or a-hunting (an-huntunge), of the Saxon case-word an or on, meaning in; and it is not unlikely that man has, by the mistaking of a for an article, taken the stead of men– ‘an maeng an men,’ a many or mass in men; as we say ‘a herd in sheep,’ ‘a horde in gold.’ So far as this is true the mark-word may be somely – ‘many a man or men,’ ‘a main in men are.’

      None (Saxon na-an, no one) should have a singular verb – ‘None is (not are) always happy.’

      Some mark-words are for a clear outmarking (as single or somely) of things outshown from among others.

      Outshowing Mark-words.

      The so-called definite article the is a mark-word of the same kind as this, that, these, and those.

      The word the in ‘the more the merrier’ is not the article the– to a name-word. It is an old Saxon outshowing mark-word meaning with that (mid þy). ‘The more the merrier’; þy (with that measure), they are more; þy (with that measure), they are merrier.

      In the wording ‘the man who’ or ‘the bird which was in the garden,’ who and which are not the names, but are tokens or mark-words of the things —who of the man, and which of the bird.

      A thing may be marked by many mark-words, as ‘the (never to be forgotten) day,’ ‘the (having to me shown so many kindnesses) man is yet alive.’

      A long string of mark-words may, however, be found awkward, and so we may take a name-token who for the man, and, instead of the words ‘having to me shown so many kindnesses,’ say, ‘who showed me so many kindnesses.’

      Who or that is the name-token for menkind, and which or that for beings of lower life or of no life, as ‘the man who’ or ‘the bird or flower which was in the garden.’

      Who and which are used in the asking of questions – ‘Who is he?’ ‘What is that?’

      The name-token should follow close on the forename for the sake of clearness. ‘Alfred sold, for a shilling, the bat which William gave him,’ not ‘Alfred sold the bat for a shilling which William gave him,’ if it was the bat that was given to him by William.

      These mark-words take the stead of thing-names, and are Name-stead words, and clear the speech of repetitions of the names. The baby may say ‘Baby wants the doll,’ but at length learns to say ‘I want the doll’; or ‘Papa, take baby,’ and afterwards ‘You take me’; or ‘Give baby the whip– the whip is baby’s,’ for ‘It is mine.’

      A man may be beholden to the speech in three ways: —

      (1) He may be the speaker, called the First Person;

      (2) He may be spoken to, the Second Person (the to-spoken thing);

      (3) He may be spoken of, the Third Person (the of-spoken thing);

      Here the sex is marked.

      It is sometimes put for an unforeset thing-name of an unbodily cause or might, as ‘it rains’; ‘it freezes.’

      For a child or an animal of unknown sex we may take the neuter (or sexless) mark-word it. ‘It (the child) cries.’

      SUCHNESS OR QUALITIES,

      and mark-words or mark-wording of suchness, as good, bad, long, heavy.

      Suchness may be marked by one word, as ‘a white lily,’ or by a some or many of words, as ‘a very white lily,’ or ‘a most dazzlingly white lily,’ or ‘a lily as white as snow.’

      Things are marked as having much of something, as hilly, stony, watery; or made of something, as golden, wooden, woollen; or having some things, as two-legged, three-cornered, long-eared, or loved or hated; of the same set or likeness of something, as lovely, quarrelsome, manly, childish; wanting of something, as beardless, friendless.

       Pitches of Suchness.

      The Suchnesses of Things are of sundry pitches, which are marked by sundry shapes or endings or bye-words of the mark-words, as ‘My ash is tall, the elm is taller, and the Lombardy poplar is the tallest of the three trees’; or ‘Snow is whiter than chalk,’ or ‘Chalk is less white than snow,’ or ‘John is the tallest or least tall of the three brothers.’

      These Pitch-marks offmark sundry things by their sundry suchnesses, as ‘The taller or less tall man of the two is my friend,’ or ‘The tallest man is less tall than the tree,’ or ‘The least tall man is taller than the girl.’

      The three Pitches may be called the Common Pitch, the Higher Pitch, and the Highest Pitch.

      The Welsh has a fourth Pitch-word, called the Even Pitch,

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