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language becomes the more important through use. For instance, for a time after the Norman Conquest, Norman French became, in the centres of government and culture at least, the dominant language, but eventually was thrown aside by a more useful language as English institutions came to the front. As race and language may not represent identical groups, it is evident that a classification of language cannot be taken as conclusive evidence in the classification of races. However, in the main it is true. A classification of all of the languages of the Indians of North America would be a classification of all the tribes that have been differentiated in physical structure and other racial traits, as well as of habits and customs. Yet a tribe using a common language may be composed of a number of racial elements.

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      1

      See Chapter IV.

      2

      See Chapter III.

      3

      See Chapter IV.

      4

      See Chapter VI.

      5

      See Chapter XXVII.

      6

      See Cooley, Social Organization, chap. III.

1

See Chapter IV.

2

See Chapter III.

3

See Chapter IV.

4

See Chapter VI.

5

See Chapter XXVII.

6

See Cooley, Social Organization, chap. III.

7

The transition from the ethnic state to the modern civic state was through conflict, conquest, and race amalgamation.

8

See Diagram, p. 59.

9

See Haeckel, Schmidt, Ward, Robinson, Osborn, Todd.

10

See Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age.

11

After Osborn. Read from bottom up.

12

See Chapter II.

13

Estimates of Neanderthal vary from 150,000 to 50,000 years ago.

14

See p. 64.

15

Man and Culture.

16

See Chapter III.