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This handbook is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of the physics of liquid crystals. In over 500 pages it provides detailed information on the physical properties of liquid crystals as well as the recent theories and results on phase transitions, defects and textures of different types of liquid crystals. An in-depth understanding of the physical fundamentals is a prerequisite for everyone working in the field of liquid crystal research. With this book the experts as well as graduate students entering the field get all the information they need.

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Linking of materials properties with microstructures is a fundamental theme in materials science, for which a detailed knowledge of the modern characterization techniques is essential. Since modern materials such as high-temperature alloys, engineering thermoplastics and multilayer semiconductor films have many elemental constituents distributed in more than one phase, characterization is essential to the systematic development of such new materials and understanding how they behave in practical applications. X-ray techniques play a major role in providing information on the elemental composition and crystal and grain structures of all types of materials. The challenge to the materials characterization expert is to understand how specific instruments and analytical techniques can provide detailed information about what makes each material unique. The challenge to the materials scientist, chemist, or engineer is to know what information is needed to fully characterize each material and how to use this information to explain its behavior, develop new and improved properties, reduce costs, or ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. This comprehensive handbook presents all the necessary background to understand the applications of X-ray analysis to materials characterization with particular attention to the modern approach to these methods.

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The study of ferroelectricity is a branch of solid state physics which has shown rapid growth during the recent years. Ferroelectric materials exhibit unusual electric properties which make them useful in modern (opto)electronic technology, esp. display technology. Ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals, including also various polymer forms, are the hottest research topic today in liquid crystals. The field is at the very beginning of industrial exploitation – a sensitive phase in which a good reference work is needed and will have a broad spectrum of readers both at universities and in industry.

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Electroactive oligomers form an important class of advanced materials for the development of new devices such as thin-film, flexible batteries; semiconductors; large-area optical displays; and sensors. In addition, the study of oligomeric model compounds is an essential prerequisite for understanding and developing polymers for electronics and optoelectronics applications. Written and edited by leading scientists in the field, this applications-oriented handbook represents the first comprehensive, systematic study of electroactive oligomeric materials. Special emphasis is placed on a critical review of the literature; relevant materials and technical data are collected in tables throughout. Includes – materials synthesis – structure–property relationship as a function of chain-length – applications in optics and electronics – oligomers as models for polymers – the role of oligomers in tomorrow's technology? Electronic Materials – The Oligomer Approach offers a stimulating combination of basic concepts and practical applications. It is sure to become a standard reference source that no-one working in the field can do without.

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This first concise handbook on this important new class of organic conducting materials gives a broad survey over this emerging field of research. The physical background is covered as well as the synthesis, electronic and nonlinear optical properties and applications of these advanced materials. This information will be of high value for graduate students, researchers and practitioners working in the interdisciplinary field of materials science, polymer and organic chemistry and applied physics.

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This first book to focus on the use of SPMs to actively manipulate molecules and nanostructures on surfaces goes way beyond conventional treatments of scanning microscopy merely for imaging purposes. It reviews recent progress in the use of SPMs on such soft materials as polymers, with a particular emphasis on chemical discrimination, mechanical properties, tip-induced reactions and manipulations, as well as their nanoscale electrical properties. Detailing the practical application potential of this hot topic, this book is of great interest to specialists of wide-ranging disciplines, including physicists, chemists, materials scientists, spectroscopy experts, surface scientists, and engineers.

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Creep and fatigue are the most prevalent causes of rupture in superalloys, which are important materials for industrial usage, e.g. in engines and turbine blades in aerospace or in energy producing industries. As temperature increases, atom mobility becomes appreciable, affecting a number of metal and alloy properties. It is thus vital to find new characterization methods that allow an understanding of the fundamental physics of creep in these materials as well as in pure metals. Here, the author shows how new in situ X-ray investigations and transmission electron microscope studies lead to novel explanations of high-temperature deformation and creep in pure metals, solid solutions and superalloys. This unique approach is the first to find unequivocal and quantitative expressions for the macroscopic deformation rate by means of three groups of parameters: substructural characteristics, physical material constants and external conditions. Creep strength of the studied up-to-date single crystal superalloys is greatly increased over conventional polycrystalline superalloys. From the contents: – Macroscopic characteristics of strain at high temperatures – Experimental equipment and technique of in situ X-ray investigations – Experimental data and structural parameters in deformed metals – Subboundaries as dislocation sources and obstacles – The physical mechanism of creep and the quantitative structural model – Simulation of the parameters evolution – System of differential equations – High-temperature deformation of industrial superalloys – Single crystals of superalloys – Effect of composition, orientation and temperature on properties – Creep of some refractory metals For materials scientists, solid state physicists, solid state chemists, researchers and practitioners from industry sectors including metallurgical, mechanical, chemical and structural engineers.

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The book identifies new nanometric architectures that would be of particular interest for applications and the technological route to reach them. Nano-architectures of interest are for optical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical properties and reactivity as well as for specific applications such as catalysis and medical diagnostic and drug delivery. Nano-architectures would be metals, alloys, ceramics, semi-conductors, polymers or hybrids inorganic-polymers materials. The book places special emphasis on crucial technical aspects of the fabrication, the control and the characterisation of complex nano-architectures.

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This book provides both engineers and scientists with a competent and comprehensive survey on the different types of sensors currently applied in modern electronic household devices, their strengths, weaknesses and the reason for using them in which subsystem. More and more microelectronics are establishing themselves in all aspects of our daily life, and the use of a growing number of increasingly sophisticated, low-cost sensors is directly linked to this trend, and they are responsible for many of the technical achievements of the last decades. Their use in modern washing machines, dish washers, dryers, freezers as well as in cooking, domestic heating, air conditioning or small appliances results in reduction of electricity, water or detergent consumption, less noise emission, increased efficiency and higher user comfort. Market data is given, demonstrating the increasing demand for large quantities of suitable, reliable sensor systems, and the subsequent growing need for comprehensive information on their potentials and limitations. Exemplary products, new types of appliances and improved electronic control are presented. Chapters on thin film temperature sensors, Reed switches, gas sensors, UV sensors, acceleration and pressure sensors illustrate the utilization of modern device mass fabrication technologies. Finally, an outlook into the future forecasts the needs of the appliances of the coming decade.

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These proceedings of the «Second International Conference on Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation» review the enormous scientific avalanche that has been developing in the field over recent years. A valuable resource for any scientist and engineer working in this emerging field of nanotechnology.

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