LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

mangrove forests Occurrence of wetlands or mangrove forests in less than 50% of the shoreline Occurrence of wetlands or mangrove forests in over 50% of the shoreline Pollutant assimilation and recycling Absence of wetlands or mangrove forests Occurrence of wetlands or mangrove forests in less than 50% of the shoreline Occurrence of wetlands or mangrove forests in over 50% of the shoreline Wave energy dissipation Absence of surf zone Surf zone with up to three breakers Surf zone with more than three breakers Foreshore zone natural protection Absence of coral reefs and/or sandstone banks Occurrence of coral reefs and/or sandstone banks in less than 50% of the shoreline Occurrence of coral reefs and/or sandstone banks in less than 50% of the shoreline Backshore zone natural protection Absence of beach ridge Occurrence of beach ridge in less than 50% of the shoreline Occurrence of beach ridge in over 50% of the shoreline Marine refuge and/or nursery Absence of estuaries, coral reefs, or sea turtle nesting areas Occurrence of at least one refuge/nursery area (estuaries, coral reefs, or sea turtle nesting areas) Occurrence of more than one refuge/nursery area (estuaries, coral reefs, or sea turtle nesting areas) Terrestrial or transitional refuge and/or nursery Absence of mangrove forests, restinga, or Atlantic rainforest Occurrence of at least one refuge/nursery area (mangrove forests, restinga, Atlantic rainforest) Occurrence of more than one refuge/nursery area (mangrove forests, restinga, Atlantic rainforest)

Table 1.3 Indicators for the valuation of provisioning ecosystem services.

Provisioning Service	Low (1)	Medium (2)	High (3)
Natural food production	Absence of activities such as fisheries, shellfish gathering, or gathering wild plants	Occurrence ofat least one activity (i.e. fisheries, shellfish gathering or gathering wild plants)	Occurrence of more than one activity (i.e. fisheries, shellfish gathering or gathering wild plants)
Food production in farmed areas	Absence of activities such as crops, animal breeding, fish farming, etc.	Occurrence of at least one activity (i.e. crops, animal breeding, fish farming, etc.)	Occurrence of more than one activity (i.e. crops, animal breeding, fish farming, etc.)
Water resources	Absence of surface water bodies or aquifers	Occurrence of at least one source of water (i.e. surface water bodies or aquifers)	Occurrence of more than one source of water (i.e. surface water bodies or aquifers)
Ornamental resources	Absence of ornamental resources (i.e. deadwood, oysters, plants, fish, rocks, minerals)	Occurrence of at least one ornamental resource (i.e. deadwood, oysters, plants, fish, rocks, minerals)	Occurrence of more than one ornamental resource (i.e. deadwood, oysters, plants, fish, rocks, minerals)
Genetic resources	Occurrence of anthropized areas, pastures, or monocultures	Occurrence of restinga or agroforestry systems	Occurrence of forests, coral reefs, estuaries, or mangrove forests

Table 1.4 Indicators for the valuation of information and cultural ecosystem services.

Information and cultural service	Low (1)	Medium (2)	High (3)
Ecotourism	Absence of locations with quality for ecotourism, such as hiking and diving	Occurrence of at least one location with quality for ecotourism, such as hiking and diving	Occurrence of more than one location with quality for ecotourism, such as hiking and diving
Historical/cultural tourism	Absence of buildings or areas with known historical value	Occurrence of at least one building or area with known historical value	Occurrence of more than one building or area with known historical value
Recreation and leisure	Low recreational quality	Medium recreational quality	High recreational quality
Scenic quality	Absence of natural attractions (e.g. cliffs)	Occurrence of at least one natural attraction (e.g. cliffs)	Occurrence of more than one natural attraction (e.g. cliffs)

      Primary information collected by methodologies such as the ones applied by Santos and Silva [33], Seppelt et al. [35], and Souza et al. [34] is essential to enable researchers to perform environmental mapping and modeling. Chan and Ruckelshaus [37] reported efforts to map and model ecosystem services, such as the Multiscale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services (MIMES), Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES), and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). However, these models are considered recent. Studies about them remain scarce in the literature [31]. The applicability and effectiveness of the adopted tools remain significantly questionable.

Figure 1.8 Ecosystem service index obtained for the northern shoreline of the municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil.

It is important to emphasize that the analysis of ecosystem services applied to management and decision‐making processes does not need to include economic assessments [31], as shown in the study by Ruckelshaus et al. [38], who evaluated 20 pilot studies about the application of ecosystem services and concluded that many decision‐makers wished to examine the consequences of their actions for traditional market commodities in monetary terms, as well as the non‐economic benefits, including cultural aspects and biodiversity values. The misconception that the assessment of ecosystem services requires economic assessment can be a barrier to scientific development.

Скачать книгу