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       Mathematical and Mechanical Engineering Set

      coordinated by

      Abdelkhalak El Hami

      Volume 10

      Heat Transfer 2

       Radiative Transfer

      Michel Ledoux

      Abdelkhalak El Hami

      First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Ltd

      27-37 St George’s Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

       www.iste.co.uk

      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      111 River Street

      Hoboken, NJ 07030

      USA

       www.wiley.com

      © ISTE Ltd 2021

      The rights of Michel Ledoux and Abdelkhalak El Hami to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2020949611

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      ISBN 978-1-78630-517-6

      Preface

      Thermal science is to thermodynamics as decree is to law. It answers the following question – which all good leaders must (or should) ask themselves whenever they have an “idea”: “How would this work in practice?”. In a way, thermal science “implements” thermodynamics, of which it is a branch. A thermodynamics specialist is a kind of energy economist. Applying the first principle, they create a “grocery store”. With the second principle, they talk about the quality of their products. I add or remove heat from a source or work from a system. And the temperature, among other things, defines the quality of the energy for me.

      But by what means do I take or do I give? Even calculations of elementary reversible transformations do not tell us by what process heat passes from a source to a system.

      Thermal science specifies how, but “evacuates” work. If in a given problem related to, for example, a convector where an electrical energy (therefore in the “work” category) appears, it is immediately dissipated into heat by the Joule effect.

      Three heat transfer modes

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