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CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX

      9  Part III: The Low‐Latitude Ionosphere 9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 9.3 QUIET‐TIME EQUATORIAL PLASMA DRIFTS 9.4 STORM‐TIME EQUATORIAL ELECTRIC FIELDS 9.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 THEORY 10.3 MODELING 10.4 NEW FINDINGS 10.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 SOURCES, SEEDING, DRIVERS, AND LOADING 11.3 CLIMATOLOGY OF ESF 11.4 DAY‐TO‐DAY VARIABILITY OF ESF 11.5 WHAT ABOUT LOW SOLAR ACTIVITY? 11.6 DISCUSSION 11.7 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 12 The Equatorial Electrojet 12.1 HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS 12.2 MAGNETIC SIGNATURES AND CURRENT DENSITY PROFILES 12.3 ELECTRODYNAMICS DESCRIPTION AND MODELING OF THE EEJ 12.4 CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EEJ 12.5 TIDAL FEATURES OF THE EEJ 12.6 THE COUNTER‐ELECTROJET 12.7 SUMMARY AND OPEN ISSUES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 MAJOR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO THE MAGNETIC STORMS 13.3 VARIATIONS OF THE IONOSPHERIC STORM EFFECTS IN THE EQUATORIAL AND LOW LATITUDE REGIONS 13.4 CHALLENGES AND UNSOLVED ISSUES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

      10  Part IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 14.1 TECHNIQUES TO OBSERVE THE PENETRATION ELECTRIC FIELD 14.2 CONVECTION AND SHIELDING ELECTRIC FIELDS 14.3 PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS DURING SUBSTORMS 14.4 PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS DURING GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 14.5 TRANSMISSION MECHANISM 14.6 SUMMARY AND ISSUES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid‐ and Subauroral Latitudes 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 IONOSPHERIC RESPONSES TO THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS 15.3 THERMOSPHERIC VARIATIONS DRIVEN BY IONOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 15.4 INFLUENCES FROM BELOW 15.5 SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere–Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 SUDDEN STRATOSPHERIC WARMING EVENTS 16.3 SSW EFFECTS ON THE THERMOSPHERE 16.4 IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE 16.5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 16.6 OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 17 Ionospheric

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