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      THE BYSTANDER EFFECT

       The Psychology of Courage and Inaction

      Catherine A. Sanderson

       Copyright

      William Collins

      An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers

      1 London Bridge Street

      London SE1 9GF

       WilliamCollinsBooks.com

      HarperCollinsPublishers

      1st Floor, Watermarque Building, Ringsend Road

      Dublin 4, Ireland

      This eBook first published in Great Britain by William Collins in 2020

      Copyright © Catherine A. Sanderson 2020

      Cover design by Steve Leard

      Catherine A. Sanderson asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins

      Source ISBN: 9780008361662

      Ebook Edition © April 2020 ISBN: 9780008361648

      Version: 2021-01-13

       Dedication

      TO ANDREW, ROBERT, AND CAROLINE,

       with hope that you will never stay silent about things that matter

       Contents

       Cover

       Title Page

       1. The Myth of Monsters

       2. Who Is Responsible?

       3. The Perils of Ambiguity

       4. The Considerable Costs of Helping

       5. The Power of Social Groups

       II. Bullies and Bystanders

       6. At School: Standing Up to Bullies

       7. In College: Reducing Sexual Misconduct

       8. At Work: Fostering Ethical Behavior

       III. Learning to Act

       9. Understanding Moral Rebels

       10. Becoming a Moral Rebel

       Notes

       Index

       Acknowledgements

       About the Author

       About the Publisher

       Preface

      On August 25, 2017, my husband and I spent the day settling in our oldest child, Andrew, for the start of his first year at college. We went to Walmart to buy a minifridge and rug. We hung posters above his bed. We attended the obligatory goodbye family lunch before returning to our car to head home to a slightly quieter house.

      Two weeks later Andrew called, which was unusual since, like most teenagers, he vastly prefers texting. His voice breaking, he told me that a student in his dorm had just died.

      As he described it on the phone, the two of them seemed to have so much in common. They were both freshmen. They were both from Massachusetts and had attended rival prep schools. They both had younger brothers.

      “What happened?” I asked.

      He told me the student had been drinking alcohol with friends. He got drunk, and around 9 p.m. on Saturday, he fell and hit his head. His friends, roommate, and lacrosse teammates watched over him for many hours. They strapped a backpack around his shoulders to keep him from rolling onto his back, vomiting, and then choking to death. They periodically checked to make sure he was still breathing.

      But what they didn’t do—for nearly twenty hours after the fall—was call 911.

      By the time they finally did seek help, at around 4 p.m. on Sunday, it was too late. The student was taken to a hospital and put on life support so that his family could fly in to say goodbye.

      Now, it’s impossible to know whether prompt medical attention could have saved his life. Perhaps it wouldn’t have. But what is clear is that he didn’t get that opportunity. And this story—of college students failing to do anything in the face of a serious emergency—is hardly unusual.

      It’s not just college students who choose not to act, even when the stakes are high. Why

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