LITMIR.BIZ

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from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95–541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230 (703) 306–1031.

      Economy———

      Economic overview: No economic activity at present except for

       fishing off the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad.

      Transportation———————

      Ports: none; offshore anchorage

      Airports: 50 landing facilities at different locations operated by 16 national governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 25 of these locations; runways at 13 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved runways; 12 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by ski-equipped planes - 8 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m,10 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways less than 1,000 m, and 4 of unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective governmental or non-governmental operating organization required for landing (1995 est.)

      Communications———————

      Telephones: NA

      Telephone system: domestic: NA international: NA

      Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

      Radios: NA

      Television broadcast stations: NA

      Televisions: NA

      Defense———

      Defense note: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

      ======================================================================

      @Antigua and Barbuda—————————

      Map—

      Location: 17 03 N, 61 48 W—Caribbean, islands between the

       Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto

       Rico

      Flag——

      Description: red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white with a yellow rising sun in the black band

      Geography————

      Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the

       North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

      Geographic coordinates: 17 03 N, 61 48 W

      Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

      Area:

       total area: 440 sq km

       land area: 440 sq km

       comparative area: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

       note: includes Redonda

      Land boundaries: 0 km

      Coastline: 153 km

      Maritime claims:

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

       continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

       exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

       territorial sea: 12 nm

      International disputes: none

      Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

      Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

      Natural resources: negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism

      Land use:

       arable land: 18%

       permanent crops: 0%

       meadows and pastures: 7%

       forest and woodland: 16%

       other: 59%

      Irrigated land: NA sq km

      Environment:

       current issues: water management - a major concern because of

       limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the

       clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to

       run off quickly

       natural hazards: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October);

       periodic droughts

       international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,

       Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

       Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

       Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification

      People———

      Population: 65,647 (July 1996 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 25% (male 8,386; female 8,043)

       15–64 years: 69% (male 22,589; female 22,548)

       65 years and over: 6% (male 1,820; female 2,261) (July 1996 est.)

      Population growth rate: 0.76% (1996 est.)

      Birth rate: 16.83 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Death rate: 5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Net migration rate: −3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 1 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

       all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.64 years male: 71.55 years female: 75.84 years (1996 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (1996 est.)

      Nationality: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan

      Ethnic divisions: black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

      Religions: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some

       Roman Catholic

      Languages: English (official), local dialects

      Literacy: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of

       schooling (1960 est.)

       total population: 89%

       male: 90%

       female: 88%

      Government—————

      Name

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