LITMIR.BIZ

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modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay

       facilities; 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM,

       131 TV, 11 shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean

       INTELSAT and 3 domestic

      @Chile, Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard,

       and Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National

       Police), Investigative Police

       Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49 3,705,321; fit for military service 2,759,130; reach

       military age (19) annually 120,512 (1994 est.)

       Defense expenditures:

       exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)

      @China

      Header Affiliation: (also see separate Taiwan entry)

      @China, Geography

      Location:

       Eastern Asia, between India and Mongolia

       Map references:

       Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

       Area:

       total area:

       9,596,960 sq km

       land area:

       9,326,410 sq km

       comparative area:

       slightly larger than the US

       Land boundaries:

       total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km,

       Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea

       1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia

       4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605

       km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

       Coastline:

       14,500 km

       Maritime claims:

       continental shelf:

       claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea

       territorial sea:

       12 nm

       International disputes:

       boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve

       disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with

       Tajikistan in dispute; a short section of the boundary with North

       Korea is indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly

       Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly

       Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin;

       Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan;

       claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu

       Tai), as does Taiwan

       Climate:

       extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

       Terrain:

       mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and

       hills in east

       Natural resources:

       coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony,

       manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc,

       uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

       Land use:

       arable land:

       10%

       permanent crops:

       0%

       meadows and pastures:

       31%

       forest and woodland:

       14%

       other:

       45%

       Irrigated land:

       478,220 sq km (1991 - Chinese statistic)

       Environment:

       current issues:

       air pollution from the overwhelming use of coal as a fuel, produces

       acid rain which is damaging forests; water pollution from industrial

       effluents; many people do not have access to safe drinking water; less

       than 10% of sewage receives treatment; deforestation; estimated loss

       of one-third of agricultural land since 1957 to soil erosion and

       economic development; desertification

       natural hazards:

       frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern

       coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes

       international agreements:

       party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

       Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

       Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Whaling; signed,

       but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

       Note:

       world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)

      @China, People

      Population:

       1,190,431,106 (July 1994 est.)

       Population growth rate:

       1.08% (1994 est.)

       Birth rate:

       18.1 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Death rate:

       7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Net migration rate:

       0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Infant mortality rate:

       52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

       Life expectancy at birth:

       total population:

       67.91 years

       male:

       66.93 years

       female:

       68.99 years (1994 est.)

       Total fertility rate:

       1.84 children born/woman (1994 est.)

       Nationality:

       noun:

       Chinese (singular and plural)

       adjective:

       Chinese

       Ethnic divisions:

       Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu,

       Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

       Religions:

       Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% (est.)

       note:

       officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

       Languages:

       Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing

       dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan

       (Hokkien-Taiwanese),

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