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2.1 Introduction

      The word “smart” means intelligent, clever, wise, etc. Now, when the word sits as a prefix with farming and built the word “smart farming”, obviously it is different from the traditional farming. In the past years, farmers had to monitor all the necessary things in field themselves or by hiring other labor for the same. Firstly, it requires manual checking of all the things associated with farming as well as it is time consuming. Secondly, it acquires a huge loss due to damage of growing crops in the field if continuous monitoring is not done. Thus traditional farming is not a good option due to major pitfalls. It also cannot fulfill the upcoming demand of food for upcoming years. Thus here is the need of smart farming system which will overcome all the shortcomings by taking the decision on their own in complex situations. Different sensors are embedded in the autonomous system to collect the data instant and support on time decision making process.

       2.1.1 Smart Farming

In this section, researchers have shown the different applications of Agro-IoT through Figure 2.1. Figure 2.2 illustrates the flow chart of step by step process of Agro-IoT farming.

       2.1.2 Technology Involvement in Smart Agriculture

Table 2.1 illustrates the technology which are used in smart agriculture.

Figure 2.1 Applications of agro-IoT.

Figure 2.2 Flow chart of step by step process of agro-IoT farming.

2.2 Related Work

      Researchers have identified the following major problems like climate, crop, soil monitoring, water management, pest, weed management which are discussed in the following section and researchers have found out efficient solutions for the same.

       2.2.1 Monitoring Soil, Climate and Crop

Table 2.2 illustrates the technology for monitoring soil, climate and crop in smart agriculture.

       2.2.2 Pesticide Control

      Table 2.3 illustrates the technology for controlling pest in smart agriculture.

Table 2.1 Hardware for smart farming.

Hardware	Figure	Application	Utilization
Moisture sensor		It can measure the percent of water in soil. It measure dielectric permittivity of soil.	Farmers get alert of the growing condition of the plants.
Humidity sensor		It can measure the accurate air humidity level.	Farmers get alert of the growth of leaf, change in photosynthesis level of the plants.
PH sensor		It can measure the ph value of soil. It determines which nutrient is available in the soil.	Farmers get alert of the particular crop to grow in the field to get best production in terms of quality and quantity.
Spoiled crop detection sensor		It can detect the disease in crop in early phase by detecting the chemical compound released by an infected plant.	Farmers get alert of quick and timely crop protection.
Fertility sensor		It can measure the fertility of the soil.	Farmers get alert of the quality of the soil and accordingly choose the crop to plant.
Climate sensor		It can provide climate condition by measuring the CO2 level in air. Also monitor any faulty condition.	Farmers get the data about the environment like wind speed, humidity etc.
Temperature sensor		It can measure the temperature of the soil up to a certain depth from the surface of the soil.	Farmers get alert of the change in absorption of soil nutrients by plants.
Pressure sensor		It can measure the air pressure in a particular area depending on which rainfall on that particular area can be guessed.	Farmers get alert of the higher or lower level of rainfall and accordingly plan to monitor the plants.
Microcontroller		It detects signal from other devices and respond according to the process.	Many works of farmers can be automated by it.

Table 2.2 Technology of monitoring soil, climate and crop.

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