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coupling biogas upgrading and CCU.Figure 6.6 CO₂ capture from biogas and utilization in drink–food industry or...Figure 6.7 CO₂ capture from biogas and precipitation with Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺‐...Figure 6.8 Membrane plus CO₂ storage for food application.Figure 6.9 Biogas upgrading through membrane separation and methanation.Figure 6.10 Biogas upgrading via cryogenic methods and dry ice production.Figure 6.11 Biogas upgrading via cryogenic methods and supercritical CO₂ pro...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Biological filters: (a) bioscrubber, (b) biofilter, and (c) biotr...Figure 7.2 The chemical structure of three typical siloxanes.Figure 7.3 Typical unit operations for the upgrading of biogas.Figure 7.4 Schematic representation of a typical water scrubbing system.Figure 7.5 Schematic representation of a typical water organic solvent scrub...Figure 7.6 Schematic representation of a typical chemical (amine) scrubbing ...Figure 7.7 Schematic representation of a typical pressure swing adsorption (...Figure 7.8 Schematic representation and operational principle of a tubular h...Figure 7.9 Schematic representation of a simple membrane upgrading system.Figure 7.10 Three alternative designs of membrane stages: (a) without biogas...Figure 7.11 Schematic representation of a simple three‐stage cryogenic bioga...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Concept for the storage of renewable energy in gas distribution s...Figure 8.2 Schematic of the intensified reverse water‐gas shift‐chemical loo...Figure 8.3 Flow sheet of a reforming process with optional configurations (d...Figure 8.4 TEM images of (a) CeO₂‐NRs, (b) CeO₂‐NCs, and (c) CeO₂‐NPs; high‐...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Some benefits of process intensification.Figure 9.2 Heat and mass transfer performance of various types of reactors....Figure 9.3 (a) Schematic representation of characteristic regimes observed i...Figure 9.4 Heat transfer characteristic data: (a) Illustrative representatio...Figure 9.5 (a) Schematic representation of the microchannel reactor includin...Figure 9.6 An overall schematic representation of the utilization of microch...Figure 9.7 (a) Representation of a single microchannel with a deposited cata...Figure 9.8 Schematic representation of in situ CH₄/O₂ production as a propel...Figure 9.9 Overview of the transformation routes of CO₂ into C₂₊ chemica...Scheme 9.1 Reaction of CO₂ cycloaddition with epoxides.

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Bulk chemicals based in CO₂ hydrogenation reactions. Products wi...Figure 10.2 Renewable methanol production using renewable hydrogen and waste...Figure 10.3 Proposed CCU methanol plant for the techno‐economic evaluation....Figure 10.4 Strategy for the techno‐economic analysis.Figure 10.5 Evaluation of variable annual cost (M€ yr⁻¹) and methanol ...Figure 10.6 Evaluation of payback period (PBP) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) ...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Calculation of the temperature and pressure dependency of the co...Figure 11.2 Schematic illustration of the setup for the direct methanation. ...Figure 11.3 Performance as a function of the content of oxygen in synthetic ...Figure 11.4 Synthetic flue gas: temperature and CO₂ conversion versus conten...Figure 11.5 Catalytic performance versus time. CO₂ with 516 ppm SO₂ is used....Figure 11.6 (a) Conversion of CO (empty circles) and CO₂ (black circles) ver...Figure 11.7 Diagram for an oxyfuel CO₂ circuit for an energy supply system w...Figure 11.8 Demand of gas flow of the Wankel engine, stable at 50 Hz, with r...Figure 11.9 Sketch of an integrated system applying electrolysis, direct flu...Figure 11.10 Setup of our high‐pressure methanol reactor with an integrated ...Figure 11.11 (a) The influence of N₂ on the CO₂ conversion rate (left scale)...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 CO₂ conversion as a function of temperature over (1) Au/CeO₂ cat...Figure 12.2 Dependence of CO₂ conversion on temperature for Au/TiO₂, TiO₂, a...Figure 12.3 Catalytic performance of Au/TiO₂ and Au/Al₂O₃ catalysts in RWGS ...Figure 12.4 Arrhenius plots for the Au/TiO₂ and Au/Al₂O₃ catalysts in RWGS r...Figure 12.5 (a) CO₂ conversion and (b) CO selectivity as a function of react...Figure 12.6 Effect of reduction and oxygen pretreatment of Ru/CeO₂ catalyst ...Figure 12.7 CO formation rate per catalyst weight and activation energy as a...Figure 12.8 Stability of 1 wt% Cu/β‐Mo₂C catalyst and the commercial 36 wt% ...Figure 12.9 CO selectivity and CH₄ selectivity for Fe/Al₂O₃, Fe–Cu/Al₂O₃, Fe...Figure 12.10 Comparison of CO and CH₄ selectivity on 0.5% and 10% Ni/SiO₂ ca...Figure 12.11 Relative activity of Ni/CeO₂, Fe/CeO₂, and Fe‐incorporated Ni/C...Figure 12.12 Stable CO₂ conversion was obtained over 3 wt% Ni/Ce–Zr–Ox catal...Figure 12.13 Proposed reaction mechanism of the RWGS reaction over Pt/CeO₂ c...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Number of scientific publications containing the topic “electroc...Figure 13.2 Scheme of a typical membrane electrode assembly used to carry ou...Figure 13.3 Scheme of a bipolar membrane‐based electrochemical cell used for...Figure 13.4 Scheme of the electrocatalyst developed by Cho and coworkers to ...Figure 13.5 Effect of the CO₂ concentration on the reaction rates of (a) CO₂

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A schematic view of solar‐driven CO₂‐to‐fuel strategy; a two‐ste...Figure 14.2 Schematic diagram showing the photocatalytic process for H₂ prod...Figure 14.3 Tuning the selectivity of solar‐driven CO₂ hydrogenation over Co...Figure 14.4 An overall schematic presentation of the sustainable energy econ...Figure 14.5 Proposed reaction pathway for CO₂ electrocatalytic reduction on ...Figure 14.6 Schematic illustration depicts the several advantages of ultrath...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Graphic representation of core–shell and yolk–shell particles.Figure 15.2 (a) Publication metrics for papers published concerning sinterin...Figure 15.3 Volcano plot displaying the activity against binding energies of...Figure 15.4 Demonstration of the established equilibrium distance (d_M–S...Figure 15.5 Diagram of the conduction band (white squares) and valence band ...Figure 15.6 Diagram of how light interacts and refracts with solid, hollow, ...Figure 15.7 Schematic illustration of several YS variations: (a) standard si...Figure 15.8 Schematic illustration of how soft templating can achieve either...

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Alternating copolymerization of CO₂ with (a) propylene oxide, (b...Figure 16.2 Oxidation of (R)‐limonene via two different routes to diff...Scheme 16.1 Copolymerization of CO₂ and epoxides in three elementary steps: ...Figure 16.3 Reaction coordinate diagram for the coupling of (a) CHO and (b) ...Scheme 16.2 Degradation mechanism for PPC: chain scission (a) and backbiting...Figure 16.4 Poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (a), poly(propylene carbonate) (b), ...Figure 16.5 Representation of part of the repeating unit in two different zi...Figure 16.6 Types of homogeneous catalysts active in the copolymerization of...Scheme 16.3 Proposed copolymerization mechanism for BDI–Zn catalysts (a) and...Figure 16.7 Flexibly tethered bimetallic zinc complex.Figure 16.8 Structure of the β‐diiminato–zinc–NTMS₂ complex 3 and its ORTEP ...Figure 16.9 Macrocyclic diphenolate complexes with Zn or Mg as a central met...Figure 16.10 Postulated mechanism for the terpolymerization reaction of BBL,...Figure 16.11 Active initiators for the copolymerization of CO₂ and limonene ...Figure 16.12 Postulated mechanism for the copolymerization of limonene oxide...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the MOF structural levels and compon...Figure 17.2 Examples of different applications involving MOF materials.Figure 17.3 Generation of open metal site (OMS) illustrative example.Scheme 17.1 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from an epoxide.Figure 17.4 Proposed mechanism of CO₂ cycloaddition.Scheme 17.2 Oxidative carboxylation reaction of styrene.

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Energy efficiency of plasma‐assisted CO₂ reduction as a function...Figure 18.2 Illustration of different electron impact driven dissociation pr...Figure 18.3 Channels for activation of CO₂ as a function of the reduced elec...Figure 18.4 Various plasma reactors used for chemical conversions: dielectri...Figure 18.5 Schematic representation of various plasma–catalyst interactions...Figure 18.6 Schematic of the dissociative surface adsorption of various acti...Figure 18.7 Comparison of literature data for CO₂ splitting in various plasm...Figure 18.8 Comparison of literature data for the dry reforming of methane i...Figure 18.9 Comparison of literature data for CO₂ hydrogenation

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