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Todd, et al., “What war with Iran could look like,” Military Times, June 4, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxbym9hd.

      Military experts speculate that a U.S. war with Iran would differ from the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead to thousands of deaths and play out on multiple fronts, including through proxies and cyberwarfare.

      Sanctions

       “Iran: Sanctions Threatening Health,” Human Rights Watch, Oct. 29, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2zjcjzt.

      According to a report by Human Rights Watch, U.S. sanctions have hindered Iran’s ability to import medicine and medical equipment, even though the sanctions specifically exempt such humanitarian imports.

       Chiacu, Doina, and Daphne Psaledakis, “U.S., Gulf countries impose joint Iran-related sanctions on 25 targets,” Reuters, Oct. 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y6exz726.

      The United States and several Middle Eastern countries issued new sanctions on businesses, banks and people linked to Iran’s support for militant networks.

       Mortazavi, Negar, “Trump renews sanction waivers to allow Russia, China and Europe to continue nuclear work in Iran,” The Independent, Oct. 31, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxsvw9vz.

      The Trump administration will continue to issue sanction waivers that allow companies from Russia, China and Europe to collaborate on Iran’s civilian nuclear program, even as foreign policy hawks in the United States call for ending these exemptions.

      Women’s Rights

       Alijani, Ershad, “Iranian police arrest more women for the ‘crime’ of dancing,” France 24, Oct. 31, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2z5ce2x.

      Iranian officials detained several female dancers who had tens of thousands of followers on Instagram for “obscene content creation.”

       Cranley, Ellen, “Fans are calling out an Iranian music streaming site for erasing women from their own album covers,” Insider, Sept. 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxd6qdqy.

      A music streaming site in Iran is removing images of female artists from album covers in order to comply with the country’s strict censorship policy, which forbids women to appear with their heads uncovered.

       Panja, Tariq, “Iranian Women Allowed to Attend Soccer Game for First Time Since 1981,” The New York Times, Oct. 10, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5b54vmn.

      Following weeks of outcry after a female soccer fan self-immolated to protest exclusionary policies, Iran allowed women to attend an international soccer match, but required them to sit in a separate section from the men.

      For More Information

      Arab Center Washington, 800 10th St., N.W., Suite 650, Washington, DC 20001; 202-750-4000; arabcenterdc.org. Independent think tank that produces academic research, policy papers and events focused on U.S.-Arab relations.

      Atlantic Council, 1030 15th St., N.W., 12th Floor, Washington, DC 20005; 202-778-4952; atlanticcouncil.org. Independent think tank with several Iran-related programs; produces policy studies and hosts symposia and conferences.

      Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1779 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2103; 202-483-7600; carnegieendowment.org. Nonpartisan think tank whose Middle East program offers analysis and symposia focusing on political, economic and strategic developments in Iran and the Arab world.

      Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1616 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036; 202-887-0200; csis.org. Centrist think tank with a comprehensive Middle East program that holds conferences and generates Iran policy papers and country studies.

      Center for Strategic Studies, 52 E. Pasteur St., Tehran, Iran; +9821-6445-3046; css.ir/fa. Official research arm of the Iranian president’s office; produces policy papers.

      Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, Dome Tower, Cluster N, Office 1306, Jumeirah Lake Towers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; +971-4-399-8355; inegma.com. Arab think tank and consultancy that provides clients with expertise in political risk, energy security and defense trade.

      Institute for Political and International Studies, Corner Shaheed Aghaei Street and Shaheed Bahonar Avenue, Niavaran, Tehran, Iran; +9821-2280-2656; ipis.ir. Official thank tank of the Iranian Foreign Ministry; produces policy studies and hosts lectures, conferences and roundtable discussions.

      RAND Corp., 1200 S. Hayes St., Arlington, VA 22202; 703-413-1100; rand.org. Branch of California-based think tank that provides policymakers with objective analysis of political, economic and military events in Iran and the Arab world.

      United States Institute of Peace, 2301 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20037; 202-457-1700; usip.org. Congressionally funded think tank that conducts research and policy analysis on Iran and Arab countries and briefs congressional staff and U.S. officials.

      Descriptions of Images and Figures

      Back to Figure

      The data from the map are as follows:

       Predominantly Sunni: Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A.E., and Yemen.

       Predominantly Shiite: Iran and Iraq.

       Mixed Sunni-Shiite: Kuwait.

       Predominantly Ibadi: Oman.

       Predominantly Jewish: Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Strip.

      Back to Figure

      The horizontal axis ranges from 1995 to 2019. The vertical axis ranges from 0 to $120 in increments of 20. The approximate data from the graph are tabulated below.

      Back to Figure

      The first graph is titled, Iranians’ view of the United States. The horizontal axis ranges from July 2014 to August 2019. The vertical axis ranges from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 20. The approximate data from the graph are tabulated below:

      The second graph is titled, Americans’ view of Iran. The horizontal axis ranges from 2001 to 2019. The vertical axis ranges from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 20. The approximate data from the graph are tabulated below:

      2 Measles Resurgence: Can Experts Reduce Skepticism about Vaccines?

      By Melba Newsome

      A patient with measles, a highly contagious disease, rests at the Amazon Tropical Medicine Foundation in Manaus, Brazil. In the first three months of 2019 the number of measles cases worldwide rose 300 percent compared to the same period in 2018, according to the World Health Organization.

      Ricardo

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