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Studies at Maryland, University of Maryland, Oct. 1-8, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3n48t8a.

      71. Hossein Askari, “What Will it Take for Iran and the US to bury the Hatchet?” The Globe Post, Oct. 5, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yyojogwh.

      Bibliography

      Books

       Barrett, Roby C., The Gulf and the Struggle for Hegemony: Arabs, Iranians, and the West in Conflict, Middle East Institute, 2016.

      A former State Department Arabist and adviser to U.S. special operations forces explores the histories of Iran and the Persian Gulf emirates and their turbulent relations with each other and the West.

       Glaser, Charles R., and Rosemary Kelanic, eds., Crude Strategy: Rethinking the US Military Commitment to Defend Persian Gulf Oil, Georgetown University Press, 2016.

      Essays by political scientists, historians and economists explain the implications of maintaining or withdrawing the U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf.

       Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.

      A former New York Times foreign correspondent analyzes the ongoing foreign policy implications of the CIA’s 1953 coup that toppled Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.

       Parsi, Trita, Losing an Enemy: Obama, Iran, and the Triumph of Diplomacy, Yale University Press, 2017.

      A Middle East adviser to former President Barack Obama provides an insider’s look at the negotiations that produced the 2015 nuclear deal.

       Wright, Robin, ed., The Iran Primer: Power Politics and U.S. Policy, U.S. Institute of Peace, 2010.

      Experts analyze the Islamic Republic’s government and military institutions and U.S. policy toward Iran.

      Articles

       Askari, Hossein, “What Will it Take for Iran and the US to bury the Hatchet?” The Globe Post, Oct. 5, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yyojogwh.

      An Iranian-born international relations professor outlines the steps needed for a U.S.-Iranian rapprochement.

       Gordon, Michael R., “U.S. Lays Out Demands for New Iran Deal,” The Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y9mwc2d9.

      The Trump administration presents a dozen conditions for a new agreement that would lift U.S. sanctions.

       Harb, Imad K., “Saudi Arabia and Iran may finally be ready for rapprochement,” Al-Jazeera, Oct. 16, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y4cybe9z.

      A Middle East expert details the compromises that Iran and Saudi Arabia will need to make to end their destabilizing rivalry for regional dominance.

       Inskeep, Steve, “Reporter’s Notebook: Here’s How Iran Is Functioning In The Face Of Sanctions,” NPR, Aug. 27, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y6r6kzbd.

      The host of NPR’s “Morning Edition” reports that Iran is surviving U.S. sanctions—so far.

       Khan, Sabahat, “What are Washington’s options for a military faceoff with Iran?” Arab Weekly, Oct. 6, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yya7nr4t.

      A Middle East analyst presents various ways in which U.S. military action against Iran could unfold.

       Sanger, David E., and Julian E. Barnes, “The Urgent Search for a Cyber Silver Bullet Against Iran,” The New York Times, Sept. 23, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5swrnd5.

      In a bid to avoid a shooting war, the United States is retaliating against Iranian provocations in cyberspace.

      Reports and Studies

       “Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran’s Destructive Activities,” Iran Action Group, U.S. Department of State, Sept. 25, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y57ssy88.

      The Trump administration alleges a long list of Iranian illicit activities and support for terrorist operations.

       Dizaji, Sijjad F., and Mohammad R. Farzanegan, “Do Sanctions Really Constrain Iran’s Military Spending?” Bourse & Bazaar, Nov. 26, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y6lezn5u.

      Two scholars show that President Trump’s unilateral U.S. sanctions are squeezing Iran’s military budget, but broader international sanctions have had the strongest impact.

       Esfandiari, Halah, “Iran and the Women’s Question,” Atlantic Council, Feb. 4, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y4jg8s82.

      An Iranian scholar traces the movement for women’s rights in Iran since the 1979 revolution.

       Jones, Seth G., “War by Proxy: Iran’s Growing Footprint in the Middle East,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 11, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2j5xn3y.

      An international security expert analyzes the spread of Iranian influence across the Middle East via its network of Shiite militias in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen.

       Katzman, Kenneth, “Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options,” Congressional Research Service, May 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxbgctpo.

      The research arm of the U.S. Congress examines the political rivalry between Iranian moderates and hard-liners over policy toward the United States.

      The Next Step

      Iranian Proxies

       Abdul-Zahra, Qassim and Joseph Krauss, “Protests in Iraq and Lebanon pose a challenge to Iran,” The Associated Press, Oct. 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y35hboqv.

      Iran is trying to contain protests against governments they support in Iraq and Lebanon, with little success.

       Bachner, Michael, “Iran said increasing Hamas funding to $30m per month, wants intel on Israel,” The Times of Israel, Aug. 5, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y5ecbf7p.

      An Israeli television network reports that Iran plans to increase by fivefold the amount of money it provides each month to Hamas, a militant Palestinian group, in exchange for information about Israeli missile capabilities.

       Sakelaris, Nicholas, “Houthi rebels claim they shot down a U.S. drone Friday,” UPI, Nov. 1, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2dmddly.

      Iranian-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen say they shot down an unmanned U.S. aircraft carrying out spying activities along the border with Saudi Arabia.

      Rising Tensions

       Lawson, Sean, “Why Did the U.S. Cyberattack Iran’s Propaganda Network?” Forbes, Nov. 1, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yyhrk884.

      The United States responded to an alleged Iranian strike on Saudi oil facilities by launching a cyberattack on Iran’s online propaganda network, which utilizes both humans and bots to spread pro-Iranian views on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.

       Schmitt, Eric, and David E. Sanger, “Trump Orders Troops and Weapons to Saudi Arabia in Message of Deterrence to Iran,” The New York Times, Oct. 11, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y64pfz4t.

      The United States announced a further deployment of 3,000 troops to Saudi Arabia in response to increased Iranian attacks in the Gulf region.

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