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      Guide

      1  Cover

      2  Half Title

      3  Series Page

      4  Title

      5  Copyright

      6  Contents

      7  Acknowledgments

      8  Introduction

      9  Start of Content

      10  Conclusion

      11  References

      12  About the Author

      Many scholars have helped my work along, with their suggestions, objections, comments and much more. I shall thank Claudia Bianchi, Maddalena Bonelli, Laura Caponetto, Inés Crespo, Esa Díaz-León, Filippo Domaneschi, Christopher Gauker, Michael Glanzberg, John Horden, Robin Jeshion, Natalia Karczewska, Max Kölbel, Uriah Kriegel, Dan López de Sa, Robert May, Teresa Marques, Dima Mohammed, Alba Moreno Zurita, Geoffrey Nunberg, Francesca Panzeri, Eduardo Pérez Navarro, Mihaela Popa Wyatt, Erich Rast, François Recanati, Martina Rosola, Marco Santambrogio, Jennifer Saul, Marina Sbisà, Philippe Schlenker, Andrés Soria Ruiz, Benjamin Spector, Isidora Stojanovic, Brent Strickland, Simone Sulpizio, Ken Taylor, Tristan Thommen, Giuliano Torrengo, Pekka Väyrynen, Julia Zakkou and Dan Zeman for engaging discussions and very helpful suggestions. Many thanks also to the conference audiences of the workshops and seminars where I presented different parts of this work in Pisa, Malta, Bucharest, Gargnano, Paris, Trieste, Milan, Barcelona, Storrs, Dubrovnik, Bochum, Lisbon, Toulouse, Hamburg and Genoa for their precious insights and for the good time.

      Thanks to my editor, Robert Stainton, and to Rowman and Littlefield. Special thanks are due to Marina Sbisà and Dan Zeman for their extremely thorough and detailed reviews that helped me improve my book both in its structure and its content. Previous versions of this manuscript benefited from the comments and suggestions of Pier Marco Bertinetto, Claudia Bianchi, Robin Jeshion, Isidora Stojanovic and Pekka Väyrynen. All remaining errors are mine. I thank the project PTDC/MHC-FIL/0521/2014 (in particular BIMestre-PTDC/MHC-FIL/0521/2014 and PTDC/MHC-FIL/0521/2014-SEM) from the NOVA University of Lisbon, the grant G45J18000030001 from the University of Milan, and the PRIN project The Mark of Mental (MOM) 2017P9E9N from Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan.

      Thanks to my friends and colleagues in Barcelona, Paris, Pisa, Lisbon and Milan, and all around the world: I have been incredibly fortunate to meet each of you. Heartfelt thanks to my closest friends: it took me a while to find you but it was worth it.

      I am forever grateful to my partner Gio for his love and support. His sharpness, his curiosity, his care and dedication helped both me and this book very much. I don’t really have words to thank my family, particularly my parents, Biagio and Francesca, and my brother, Carlo: being unconditionally loved by highly original and talented people surely helps, and not just with books.

      What is the relation between language, communication, and values? In the last few decades, philosophers of language and linguists have turned their attention to the evaluative and expressive dimensions of language. ‘Evaluative’ and ‘expressive’ are quite inclusive labels, ranging from expressive intensifiers like ‘damn’ to slurs like ‘wop’ and interjections like ‘shit,’ and from thick terms like ‘lewd’ to thin ones like ‘good.’ In this book I almost exclusively

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