Blockchain Technologies, Applications and Cryptocurrencies - Группа авторов

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history, five dimensions of basic needs have been created to establish the existential minimum. This chapter aims to demonstrate that Human Rights attained the position of the Sixth Dimension in 2009 when the right of access to technology became fundamental to generating peace, dignity and a sustainable world. Establishing technology as a fundamental right is useful to guide the Annual Budget Plan developed by the leaders who use these fundamental rights to establish the margin of investment to be made in each sector proportional to the level of importance it occupies in a citizen’s life. For these reasons, research has been done which brought to light the fact that that blockchain and cryptocurrencies are much more than payment systems. The method used was scientific with analysis being done of historical documents as well as social observation and seeking of laws, doctrines and jurisprudence confronted with data taken from socioeconomic statistical reports collected in 2017. This research was enough to show that the Blockchain Technology and Cryptocurrencies combined with AI and IoT is the Smart Economy. Through poverty reduction, physical borders will be protected by virtual borders. The authors conclude that technologies are a powerful accelerator of economic flow and act as a vehicle for the sustainable world requiring investments like Human Rights being the Sixth Dimension, one that cannot be separated from others’ rights.

       Chapter 4: Autonomous Agriculture Marketing Information System Through Blockchain: A Case Study of e-NAM Adoption in India

      The National Agricultural Market, through networking of the APMCs, provides electronic trading for agricultural produce. Under e-NAM, all the trading is to be done through a digital platform as prescribed to ensure transparency in the transactions and provide a fair price to the farmers. The study was conducted in three APMCs of Uttar Pradesh to analyse the ground-level practices taking place in these APMCs and level of adoption of e-NAM. It was found that there is a considerable variation in the arrival and bidding prices obtained from the APMCs when compared with the data available on the agriculture market information system (Agmarknet). The study proposes a blockchain-based infrastructure to facilitate a more transparent, autonomous system to empower the information system and efficient application of government rules and regulations pertaining to agricultural transactions in the APMCs through the utilization of smart contracts.

       Chapter 5: Attack Vectors for Blockchain and Mapping OWASP Vulnerabilities to Smart Contracts

      Smart contracts powered by Blockchain render transaction processes more effective, secure and efficient when compared with conventional contacts. Smart Contracts facilitate trustless process, time efficiency, cost effectiveness and transparency without any intervention by third-party intermediaries like lawyers. While Blockchains can counter traditional cyber-security attacks on Smart Contract Applications in a significantly good manner, cyber-criminals keep creating new threats and attack vectors that can hack Blockchain technologies. This chapter presents a unique framework to perform Application Security Testing on Blockchain-based Smart Contracts and compares Manual Penetration Testing with two automated Smart Contract tools to detect critical vulnerabilities on a commercial production Blockchain environment.

       Chapter 6: Blockchain Application in Fiji’s Aviation Industry

      In today’s high-technological era, organizations have accelerated the use of blockchain technology to enhance their business processes. Blockchain is somewhat an updated version of database, which is a powerful technology in terms of managing data when compared with normal SQL databases. In Fiji, flight information is a mission critical system as a large number of stakeholders depend on it, such as hotels, airlines, airports, ground handlers and, overall, the general public. Current flight information is meeting the day-to-day organizational needs, but there are information technology problems associated with it, such as inconsistent information, data silos, and availability. With the introduction of blockchain technology, the aviation industry can become more powerful in terms of providing high-quality flight data to all its stakeholders. By the end of the research, we should be able to build a conceptual model that solves the flight data problem in Fiji.

       Chapter 7: Blockchain-Based e-Voting Application

      Voting has been the fundamental part of a democratic system as it allows individuals to voice out their opinions. For the past few years, voting turnout has diminished as concerns regarding security, privacy, accessibility and integrity escalated. In order to address these issues, e-voting was introduced; however, only few countries managed to use the application due to cost and central authority approvals. Hence, blockchain technology is an emerging platform as it allows decentralization through the use of distributed technology, thereby expanding industries and processes. In this chapter, the researchers discuss the significance of blockchain e-voting application as well as provide details of the issues faced by current blockchain technologies. The chapter will also provide a comparative analysis of existing mechanisms in order to understand and mitigate the gaps before fully adopting blockchain technologies for e-voting applications. Thus, this chapter will be a roadmap for blockchain-based e-voting application to improve the current voting practices and processes.

      

       Chapter 8: Blockchains for Supply Chain Management Networks

      Blockchain is a distributed and digital ledger which has transformed supply chain in various ways. In this chapter, we will investigate how blockchain can add value to the supply chain management (SCM) system. This chapter will further investigate the influence of integrating blockchain technology to the current supply chain system and its long-term implications. In essence, the research has been carried out to verify if blockchain technology is capable of providing the transparency and the accountability the current SCM systems lacks. The chapter looks at advantages and disadvantages of such integration and provides feedback and recommendation on the same. The research findings aim to provide a better insight into current practices used by large logistic and supply industries and what the future holds for such companies using supply chain management system.

       Chapter 9: Comparison of Three Different Darknet Cryptocurrencies in e-Commerce in Our Digital Era

      The emergence of the internet has opened a world of possibilities to connect and interact through web portals to exchange information over the network. In the past decade, buying and selling of goods and services online has become more common through e-commerce. With the advent of Cryptocurrencies, the possibilities of e-commerce have reached new heights for all web users who see potential in this technology. Cryptocurrencies have opened new dimensions based on a Blockchain technology for e-commerce through decentralization — increased privacy and digitalization of coins to allow users to anonymously trade online. This has become more common in the Darknet, which is simply the unindexed side of the Internet. This paper compares the three Cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum and Monero, in the Darknet used for e-commerce.

       Chapter 10: Cryptocurrencies — An Assessment of Global Adoption Trends

      Government and state approaches to any venture first begin with regulation to safeguard its interests as well as those of its citizens. Cryptocurrency adoption globally has been led by major players such as the U.S and China while some smaller states have achieved comparable success. In this chapter, we analyse and assess a country’s level of cryptocurrency adoption via its regulatory framework. We then classify this approach according to the business function that regulates the use of cryptocurrencies. We also derive a gradual approach to cryptocurrency adoption and regulation that can be used by fledgling countries new to the world of cryptocurrency.

       Chapter 11: An Overview of Cryptocurrencies for Online Payments of Enterprise Systems

      Cryptocurrencies have evolved erratically and at unprecedented speed over the course of their short lifespan. Since the inception of Bitcoin in 2009, more than 1,600 cryptocurrencies have been developed with majority successful in the market. With the advent of cryptocurrencies, the possibility of online trading has reached new heights. Thus, this chapter focuses on enterprise cryptocurrencies and provides a thorough analysis of the various opportunities that lie in the usage of cryptocurrencies for online payments. This chapter

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