LITMIR.BIZ

2.17 Bryophyllum Species

      2.17.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. (syn. Kalanchoe pinnata; Fam. –Crassulaceae) is used for medicinal purposes in Indochina regions and naturalized throughout the hot and moist parts of India. The leaves and bark are known as bitter tonic, astringent to the bowels, analgesic, and carminative and useful in diarrhea and vomiting (Kirtikar and Basu 1975; Chopra et al. 1992) and for relieving the pains and inflammations, as well as earaches, stomach ulcers, flu, and fever (Da Silva et al. 1995). The leaf juice possessed antiviral, antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, diuretic, antiulcer, styptic, antidiabetic, astringent, antiseptic, antilithic, and cough suppressant effects (Huang 1993; Nadkarni 1988; Asolkar et al. 1992). The leaves of Kalanchoe crenata, taken as remedy during pregnancy by women (Malan and Neuba 2011), are recommended to heal umbilical cord wounds in newborns (Tugume et al. 2016). Kalanchoe daigremontiana is prescribed for anthroposophic medications, administered against psychic agitation and restlessness (Süsskind et al. 2012), Kalanchoe densiflora for the healing of wounds (Bussmann 2006), and Kalanchoe germanae for removal of ganglion (Kipkore et al. 2014). Kalanchoe gracilis helps in curing injuries, pain, fever, and inflammation (Lai et al. 2010). Kalanchoe laciniata leaf juice is used externally for relieving joint pain (Karuppusamy 2007). The powdered leaves are administered to alleviate cough, to cure colds and inflammation, and for healing of boils and wounds, while crushed leaves are applied externally to decrease body temperature and to heal ulcers (Deb and Dash 2013). Kalanchoe lanceolata is used as antimalarial agent (Njoroge and Bussmann 2006). The leaf juice is administered for dysentery (Bapuji and Ratnam 2009), Kalanchoe marmorata boiled juice is used as eye drops for treatment of eye infections (Belayneh and Bussa 2014), Kalanchoe petitiana leaf juice is applied on the fractured for bone setting (Ragunathan and Abay 2009). The leaves of B. pinnatum possessed antimicrobial (Mehta Bhat 1952; Akinpelu 2000), antifungal (Misra and Dixit 1979), antiulcer (Pal and Nag Chaudhari 1991), anti-inflammatory (Pal and Nag Chaudhari 1989, 1992), analgesic, antihypertensive (Ojewole 2002), potent antihistamine, and anti-allergic activities (Pal et al. 1999). In Peru, tribal people mix the leaf with sugarcane rum and apply the paste to the temples for headaches; they soak the leaves and stems overnight in cold water for urethritis, fever, and other related problems. The infusion of roots is used for treatment of epilepsy (Kamboj and Saluja 2009). The leaf press juice of B. pinnatum induced the relaxation in carbachol-induced contractions, but the effect was lower than with oxybutynin (reference compound). It has been established that leaf press juice might offer a new treatment option for patients with overactive bladder (Schuler et al. 2012; Betschart et al. 2013; Fürer et al. 2015). The leaves of B. pinnatum possess antidiabetic (Ojewole 2005), antihypertensive (Ojewole 2002), antimicrobial (El Abdellaoui et al. 2010; Akinpelu 2000), antifungal (Misra and Dixit 1979), anti-asthmatic (Ozolua et al. 2010), cytotoxic (El Abdellaoui et al. 2010), antiurolithic (Yasir and Waqar 2011), antioxidant (Gupta and Banerjee 2011), cardioprotective (Wachter et al. 2011), neurosedative, and muscle relaxant activities (Yemitan and Salahdeen 2005).

      Quercitrin was obtained from aqueous extract of K. pinnata and demonstrated antileishmanial activity (Muzitano et al. 2006b). The kalantuboside A and kalantuboside B have been identified from Kalanchoe tubiflora (Huang et al. 2013). K. lanceolata showed the presence of lanceotoxin A and lanceotoxin B (Anderson et al. 1984). Kalanhybrins A, B, and C were identified from Kalanchoe hybrida (Kuo et al. 2008). 3β-(40,60-Dideoxy-barabino-hexopyranosyloxy)-2β-acetoxy-5b,14β-dihydroxy-19-oxobufa-20,22-dienolide was isolated from Kalanchoe tomentosa (Rasoanaivo et al. 1993). Kalanchosides A, B, and C, thesiuside, hellebrigenin, hellebrigenin-3-acetate, and bryophyllins A and B were characterized from K. gracilis (Wu et al. 2006). Kalandaigremosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H were isolated and characterized from the roots of K. daigremontiana (Moniuszko-Szajwaj et al. 2016; Kolodziejczyk-Czepas and Stochmal 2017). The 5′-methyl 4′,5,7-trihydroxylflavone, 4′,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methyl-5′-propenamine anthocyanidins, 2,24-epiclerosterol [24(R)-stigmasta-5,25-dien-3β-ol], 24(R)-5α-stigmasta-7,25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-stigmast-24-en-3β-ol and 25-methyl-5α-ergost-24(28)-en-3β-ol, 1-octane-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranoside (Akihisa et al. 1991), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-¹C₄-rhamnopyranoside, 40-methoxy-myricetin-3-O-α-L-¹C₄-rhamnopyranoside and protocatechuic-4′-O-β-D-⁴C₁-glucopyranoside, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, bufadienolide (bryophyllin B), bryophyllin C, stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one, stigmata-5-en-3β-ol, α-amyrin-β-D-glucopyranoside and n-undecanyl n-octadec-9-en-1-oate and n-dodecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate were isolated from B. pinnatum (Mandach et al. 2006; Quazi et al. 2011; Yamagishi et al. 1989; Almedia and Costa 2006; Anjoo and Kumar 2010). Bryophyllin B, potent cytotoxic compound, was isolated from B. pinnatum and its identity was confirmed by spectral data analysis (Yamagishi et al. 1989). Besides bryophyllin B, bryophyllin A, bersaldegenin-3-acetate (Yamagishi et al. 1988), bersaldegenin-1-acetate, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, and bufalin were characterized from B. pinnatum leaves (Oufir et al. 2015).

The diosmin, acacetin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-cis-p-coumaric acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, myricitrin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercitrin, syringic acid, and β-D-glucopyranosyl ester were isolated from B. pinnatum (Fürer et al. 2013). The 5′-methyl 4′,5,7-trihydroxylflavone and 4′,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methyl-5′-propenamine anthocyanidin were isolated from B. pinnatum and showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger (Okwu and Nnamdi 2011). Kapinnatoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,8-dimethoxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified from K. pinnata (Muzitano et al. 2006a). The stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one along with stigmata-5-en-3β-ol, α-amyrin-β-D-glucopyranoside, n-undecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate, and n-dodecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate were isolated from B. pinnatum, and the stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one

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