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      Michael Thoms

      Workbook of Medical Devices, Engineering and Technology

      Basic Concepts and Applications in Medical Physics, Engineering and Science

      Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing. habil. Michael. Thoms

      University of Erlangen-Nürnberg

      Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology

      Martensstraße 7

      91058 Erlangen

      Germany

      and

      Ansbach University of Applied Sciences

      Residenzstr. 8

      91522 Ansbach

      Germany

      [email protected]

      © 2020 Michael Thoms

      1. Auflage

      Autor: Michael Thoms

      Umschlaggestaltung, Illustration: Michael Thoms

      Verlag & Druck: tredition GmbH, Halenreie 40-44, 22359 Hamburg

      ISBN: 978-3-347-07511-5 (Paperback)

      978-3-347-07512-2 (Hardcover)

      978-3-347-07513-9 (e-Book)

      Das Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages und des Autors unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für die elektronische oder sonstige Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Verbreitung und öffentliche Zugänglichmachung.

      Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek:

      Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

       Foreword

      The intention of this workbook is to provide exercises and corresponding solutions to several subjects in medical technology and engineering. Thereby the reader can learn how to solve problems in this field on the basis of mathematical formulas and calculations. In order to provide a better understanding, the physical background for the solutions is shortly explained. If the reader likes to customise the solutions using other input parameters, he can download the Mathcad program code on the web site https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VgAdHPLLUjEJY6SD2BqXQ7BD9OyJBASƯview?usp=sharing and the needed free Mathcad-Prime software on http://www.ptcde.com/software-iuer-konstruktionsberechnungen/mathcad/free-download.

       Preface

      For the advancement of medical devices a thorough understanding of the physical principles of operation is needed together with a mathematical formulation thereof. On the basis of this formulation it is possible to predict and optimize the performance of these devices in the medical application.

      In this workbook it is shown by exercises how the outcome is related to the physical processes and the corresponding parameters. This is done for a variety of physical methods that are applied in different medical devices. Of course no completeness can be achieved regarding all medical devices that are in use at present.

       Author

      Prof. Dr. Dr. habil Michael Thoms was born in 1963 in Eckernförde, Germany, studied physics and received his Ph. D. at the University of Heidelberg in 1991. In 1998 he habilitated in material science at the University of Erlangen and is at present Professor at both the University of Ansbach and the University of ErlangenNürnberg, giving lectures in physics and medical technology.

      Besides his academic career, he worked in industry on the research and development of medical devices. For a long time he was in charge as a director of research and development. He did several inventions mainly in the field of medical diagnostics and medical devices and holds several patents.

       Contents

      1. X-RAYS

      1.1 Attenuation of X-rays

      1.1.1 Exercise: X-ray transmission of lead

      1.1.2 Solution

      1.1.3 Exercise: X-ray attenuation of silver bromide

      1.1.4 Solution

      1.1.5 Exercise: X-ray absorption of film and intensifying screen

      1.1.6 Solution

      1.1.7 Exercise: X-ray transmission of bone

      1.1.8 Solution

      1.1.9 Exercise: X-ray contrast of muscle and adipose

      1.1.10 Solution

      1.1.11 Exercise: K-absorption edge of Calcium

      1.1.12 Solution

      1.2 X-ray tubes

      1.2.1 Exercise: X-ray spectrum of an X-ray tube

      1.2.2 Solution

      1.2.3 Exercise: Relation of high voltage setting and dose

      1.2.4 Solution

      1.2.5 Exercise: Relation of distance and exposure time

      1.2.6 Solution

      1.2.7 Exercise: Characteristic Ka-radiation of molybdenum

      1.2.8 Solution

      1.2.9 Exercise: Characteristic Ka-radiation radiation of tungsten

      1.2.10 Solution

      1.3 X-ray scattering

      1.3.1 Exercise: Energy of Compton-scattered X-ray radiation

      1.3.2 Solution

      1.3.3 Exercise: Cross sections of photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering of water

      1.3.4 Solution

      1.3.5 Exercise: Cross sections of photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering of Calcium

      1.3.6 Solution

      1.4 X-ray dosimetry

      1.4.1 Exercise: Number of X-rays per area in a chest radiograph

      1.4.2 Solution

      1.4.3 Exercise: Relation of the thickness of X-ray shielding and X-ray energy

      1.4.4 Solution

      1.5 X-ray statistics

      1.5.1 Exercise: Statistical X-ray noise in a chest radiograph

      1.5.2 Solution

      1.5.3 Exercise: Image noise of an integrating Germanium detector

      1.5.4 Solution

      1.5.5 Exercise: Relation of the error of the estimated path integral of the attenuation coefficient on the number of irradiated and transmitted X-rays

      1.5.6 Solution

      1.5.7 Exercise: The path integral of X-ray absorption coefficient µ and the error thereof due to the statistics of irradiated and transmitted X-rays

      1.5.8 Solution

      1.5.9 Exercise: Signal, signal noise, and signal to noise ratio in a computed tomography system

      1.5.10 Solution

      1.5.11 Exercise: Signal, noise, signal to noise ratio and DQE of a CCD-based X-ray sensor

      1.5.12 Solution

      1.5.13 Exercise: Signal to noise ratio of an integrating X-ray detector in the case of a continuous energy spectrum

      1.5.14 Solution

      1.5.15 Exercise: Signal to noise ratio of the integrated X-ray signal of an X-ray source with continuous X-ray spectrum

      1.5.16 Solution

      1.5.17 Exercise: Probability to absorb

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