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      Originally published in the September 2005 issue of Educational Leadership, 63(1), pp. 26–30.

      Finding Our Way Back to Healthy Eating: A Conversation with David A. Kessler

      by Amy M. Azzam

      Our kids eat too much—and what they're eating drives them to eat even more. In this interview with Educational Leadership, David A. Kessler, former commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, discusses why so many people overeat and what we can do to help children develop better habits.

      In his new book, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (Rodale, 2009), Kessler describes how processed food and changing lifestyles are setting people up for a lifetime of food obsession.

       Kessler is a lifelong health advocate. Under his watch, the FDA enacted regulations requiring standardized nutrition labels on food. He's also known for his role in the FDA's attempt to regulate cigarettes. Dr. Kessler is a pediatrician and has served as the dean of the medical schools at both Yale and the University of California.

      In your new book, The End of Overeating, you paint an alarming picture of our obsession with food. What exactly is overeating?

      The journey for me started with some simple questions: Why does that chocolate chip cookie have such power over me? Once I start eating it, why can't I stop? It's the struggle with eating as much as the overeating that the book tries to explain. Why do we do what we know we don't want to do but end up doing anyway?

      I was watching Oprah one night, and there was a well-spoken, well-educated woman on the show who said, "I eat after my husband leaves for work in the morning, I eat before he comes home at night, I eat when I'm happy, I eat when I'm sad, I eat when I'm hungry, and I eat when I'm not hungry—and I don't like myself." Obviously, this woman wasn't eating for fuel or nutrition. The question was, What was driving that woman to eat? And I could relate: I have suits in every size.

       So if adults are eating like this, I would assume that children are, too.

      Certainly when I grew up four or five decades ago, we used to eat at mealtimes—we didn't snack, or only occasionally. But the average child now eats almost constantly throughout the day. Rarely does that child get hungry. Some call this grazing.

      What we've done in the United States is taken fat, sugar, and salt and put them on every corner. We've made food available 24/7, and we've made it socially acceptable to eat anytime. We've made food into entertainment. These cultural effects lead to constant eating. The definition of overeating is eating more calories than you expend—more calories in than out. So you have a net weight gain.

      Take the average candy bar. You could eat those 300 calories in two or three minutes. But it could take an hour to work them off. The imbalance over the last 20–30 years has been on the intake side, which raises some questions: What's going on? Why do people feel compelled to eat? And why is it so hard to stop?

      So why is it so hard to stop?

      Take the vanilla milkshake. What is it about the vanilla milkshake that gets us to keep on drinking it? Is it the sugar, fat, or flavor? Science has shown us that sugar is the main driver. But when you add fat to that sugar, you have more consumption. And combinations of fat, sugar, and salt drive consumption—they stimulate you to come back for more.

      Forty or 50 years ago, the U.S. food industry shifted from food that was locally grown to a highly interdependent food distribution network that had many advantages in terms of cost and food safety. But now that food is so highly processed, we're able to dial in the exact amount

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