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to a fellow Burmese writer, Daw Saw Mon Nyin, writing soon after Ma Ma Lay’s death:

      Her seat was empty at the general meeting of Burmese writers; at this meeting she was no longer able to attend as the delegate from Yangin district—Gya-negyaw Ma Ma Lay, who is held in such great respect by everyone for the clarity and excellence of her writing, and for her ability to give artistic expression to her thoughts and feeling. Her books were serious in intent, thought-provoking, informative, and have been accorded an important place in the history of Burmese literature. Anyone can write so as to produce a book. But not everyone has the courage to lay open their own life and recount it just as it is, or has the ability to portray it in its full reality. Her reader is carried away by the outstanding quality of her writing.⁹

      We hope that something of this quality shines through in this version, the first Burmese novel to be translated into English outside of Burma.¹⁰

      1. After 1964 the military government instituted a series of National Literary Prizes for different categories of work. Increasingly, political rather than literary criteria have come to determine the choice of prizewinners, with the result that some prize-winning novels have not been popular with the reading public and have not sold well.

      2. The name Hswi is not Burmese and suggests that Ma Tin Hlaing’s mother was partly of Chinese descent.

      3. The use of pen names is long-established and widespread in Burma; there are several reasons for this. Burmese names are short and often shared by many persons, hence writers customarily identified themselves by adding their place of birth to their given name. When novels and short stories were becoming established as new genres on the literary scene at the beginning of the twentieth century, certain writers of scholarly or religious works did not wish to reveal that they were also writing fiction. Later in the 1920s some young authors, keen to increase the number and readership of periodicals, would submit material under several different names at the same time. Other writers wanted to conceal their identity from rival publishers or from the authorities. In addition to identifying themselves by place of birth, writers frequently used the name of a magazine, such as Dagon (in the 1920s), or the words theikpan (college) or teggatho (university) before their own name or their chosen pen name.

      4. Shumawa is difficult to translate with a single English expression. Literally it means “not to be able to have one’s fill of looking at,” “something one cannot look at enough.” This type of monthly fiction magazine, more than just a vehicle for short stories but not really a news magazine, had become well established in the 1920s; one of the best-known titles was Dagon. In the 100th issue of Shumawa, a special number published in September 1955, there is a list of the most regular contributors. Ma Ma Lay comes fourth in the list of 29, having contributed 31 pieces in all since the magazine’s inception in 1947. Of the 29 listed, only 4 are women; the two women with a greater total of contributions that Ma Ma Lay are both poets, which leads us to the realization that Ma Ma Lay was indeed exceptional in being almost the only serious, influential woman prose writer in Burma during the early years of independence.

      5. In Burmese this is known as pyeithu akyobyu sapei. Such slogans were adopted by the military government after 1962 as part of the official policy toward literature.

      6. It is interesting to note that one of the first activities to be organized by Ma Ma Lay for the members of the club was a series of lectures on the contemporary literary scene in countries outside Burma, starting with Great Britain followed by China and the Soviet Union.

      7. The title Not Out of Hate is particularly interesting because it can describe much else in the novel besides the colonial relationship and the principal love relationship. Clearly, if somewhat more subtly, it may for example refer to the relationship Westernized Burmese have with traditional Burmese culture and society, or the relationship which the Buddhist nun in this story has with her family.

      8. It is worth noting that the Russian “translation” of Monywei Mahu is a drastically shortened version—119 pages as opposed to 364 pages in the original Burmese edition. Even if one calculates two pages of Burmese as equal in length to one page of Russian, some 126 pages of Burmese have been cut to produce the Russian version. The resulting “novella” reads well enough, but it is not a translation of Ma Ma Lay’s novel, and was done without any reference to her.

      9. From a memorial number of Shumawa, June 1982, pp. 163-68.

      10. There have been at least two novels, or works resembling novels, translated into English in Burma, but they were intended for audiences there and not distributed elsewhere. The first was U Nu’s Man, the Wolf of Man, written originally in Burmese in 1941 while he was under house arrest, then translated and serialized in The Guardian Magazine (Rangoon) I (June - October, 1954) and II (November 1954 - January 1955). Also worth mention is the work by Lu-du U Hla, really a series of portraits of prisoners, translated and published a number of years ago by Kathleen Forbes and her husband, the botanist Than Htun.

      NOT OUT OF HATE

       THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS

      Way Way. A young Burmese girl, about seventeen years of age when the story opens, who lives at home and helps her father with his business.

      U Po Thein. Way Way’s father, aged about sixty, a rice-broker dealing with British firms. He is in poor health and suffers from tuberculosis.

      Daw Thet. Way Way’s aunt, sister of U Po Thein, who lives with the family.

      Hta Hta. Way Way’s older sister.

      U Thet Hnan. Hta Hta’s husband; a government medical doctor.

      Ko Nay U. Way Way’s older brother. He is involved in anti-British nationalist politics.

      Than Than. Wife of Ko Nay U.

      Daw Mya Thet. Way Way’s mother, who has become a Buddhist nun in Upper Burma. She also is known by the ecclestiastical name Thila Sari.

      Meh Aye. A servant girl in the household of U Po Thein.

      U Saw Han. An Anglophile Burmese bachelor, 37 years old, who works for Bullock Brothers, a British rice-trading firm.

      Maung Mya. U Saw Han’s butler.

       1

      Way Way stood looking intently at the house next door. From her upstairs window she could look directly into the front room on the ground floor. It was different from anything she had ever seen. The house was being prepared for the new tenant’s arrival. She could see that a smoke-colored carpet had been laid on the floor, and a greyish blue sofa and matching chairs had been arranged around it. Alongside the sofa and each chair were small low tables holding ashtrays. The tables were polished to a shine and were the reddish brown color of ripe thabyei fruit. In the middle of the carpet stood a rectangular coffee table that had no legs but seemed to be held up by solid piece of wood. Its black, polished surface gleamed with points of light. On the table sat a red porcelain vase shaped like a monk’s begging bowl filled with a profusion of small, white kalamet flowers, like lilies of the valley, spraying out from all sides onto the table.

      Way Way was delighted at the sight. The white of the flowers in the cherry-red bowl made an arresting picture on the dark, glass-like surface of the coffee table. She thought to herself, How lovely! … I could go on looking at it forever. She shifted her gaze to the upper end of the room, and against the wall she saw a piece of furniture that looked like a couch with six legs and a woven cane seat and back. It was the size of a single bed and rose a little at one end to form a kind of headrest. It had dark blue cushions of brand-new Mandalay Shwedaung silk arranged on it. At the lower end of the room, two crossed Burmese swords hung on the wall, red tassels dangling from their handles. A small Shan bag with seashells sewn on it was placed decoratively beneath the swords. Not a sound came from the

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