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of amending them

       Difficulty of maintaining this rule—Its relaxation

       The right of rejecting Money Bills

       Repeal of the paper duties in 1860

       The different provisions of the Budget combined in one Bill

       Connection of taxation and representation

       Powers of foreign Senates over finance

       Dangers of the concentration of all financial power in one House—Its mitigations in England

       The House of Lords cannot overthrow Ministers

       Its Judicial Functions

       Its origin and abuses

       Attempts to make lawyers life peers

       The peerage of Lord Wensleydale (1856)

       Later attempts to create life peers

       Lord Selborne's Court of Appeal (1873)

       Lord Cairns's new Appellate Court in the House of Lords

       Success of this measure

       Its modification in 1887

       Excessive and increasing number of new peerages

       Elements from which they are drawn

       Imperfect recognition of non-political eminence

       One-sided political influence in the House of Lords

       This fact a recent one—Its causes

       Parliamentary history, 1892–1895

       The crusade against the Lords

       The election of 1895, and its lessons

       The importance of a reform of the House of Lords not diminished

       Foreign Upper Houses

       The Roman Senate

       The Senate of the United States

       The French Senate

       The German Bundesrath

       Upper Houses in Prussia, Austria, and Italy

       In Spain and Switzerland

       In the Netherlands

       In Belgium

       Colonial Constitutions

       Their general character

       The Canadian Senate—The Newfoundland Constitution

       African colonial Governments—The island colonies

       Upper Chambers in Australia and New Zealand

       Proposals for Reforming the House of Lords

       Advantages of retaining a limited hereditary element

       Life peers

       Proposals for a larger introduction of the representative principle

       The limitation of the veto

       Right of ministers to sit in both Houses

       Advantages and disadvantages of carrying unfinished legislation into a second session

       This should at least be done in the case of amendments in the Lords

       CHAPTER 5 NATIONALITIES

       Changes in the basis of international politics

       The rights of nationalities in the French Revolution

       Completely ignored after the fall of Napoleon

       Signs of revival before 1830—French Revolution of that year

       And of 1848

       Italian writers on nationality

       Nationality not necessarily a democratic idea

       Ambiguities about the elements that constitute it

       Plebiscites

       Good and evil sides of the doctrine of nationalities

       Not applicable to uncivilised nations

       Plebiscites frequently deceptive

       Dangers of pushing the nationality doctrine to its full consequences

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