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       Progressive taxes of Pitt

       Abolition of taxes on the necessaries of life

       Bentham, Mill, and Montesquieu on exempted incomes

       Lord Derby's description of English taxation

       Taxation mainly on the rich and chiefly for the benefit of the poor

       Adam Smith on the rules for taxation

       Thiers on the same subject

       Advantages of taxation of luxuries

       Growing popularity of graduated taxation—Its early history

       Taxation in Switzerland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand

       In France and the United States

       Arguments against graduated taxation

       Probability that it will increase

       Its effect on the disposition of landed property

       On the position and habits of the upper classes

       On personal property

       Wealth dissociated from duties

       Democracy not indifferent to wealth

       CHAPTER 4 ARISTOCRACIES AND UPPER CHAMBERS

       Dangers of government by a single Chamber

       Countries where it exists

       Lessons derived from the Commonwealth

       From the United States

       From France

       Early History of the House of Lords

       Effects of the Reformation and the Rebellion

       Of the Revolution of 1688

       Importance of the small boroughs in sustaining its influence

       The Peerage Bill of Stanhope

       The Scotch Union

       The Resolution of 1711

       Creations of George III.—The Irish Union

       Position of the spiritual peers

       The House of Lords under George III. not unpopular

       Power of personal interest on its members before 1832

       Their influence in the House of Commons

       Attitude of the peers towards the Reform Bill of 1832

       Change in their position effected by the Bill

       Importance of the House of Lords in making legislation harmonise with the popular will

       In diminishing the too great influence of party in legislation

       In protecting minorities

       Its ecclesiastical policy

       Its general moderation

       Attacks on the Lords after the Reform Bill of 1832

       The Hereditary Element

       Advantages of special education for politics

       Influences that maintain the character of the British aristocracy

       Their energy and power of adaptation

       Large amount of ability among them

       Advantages the nation derives from an aristocracy

       Representative character of the House of Lords

       Popularity of the aristocracy in England

       Its good and evil sides

       Aristocracy and plutocracy

       Debility and apathy of the House of Lords

       Causes of Its Debility

       The small quorum—Proxies

       Discouraging influences in the House

       Jealousy of the House of Commons of Bills originating in the Lords

       Financial impotence of the Lords

       Sole right of the Commons to originate Money Bills

       The Lords deprived of their

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