Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир - Фрэнк Маклинн История в одном томе

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wild (Tatjana Kavar & Peter Dove, ‘Domestication of the Horse; Genetic Relationships between Domestic and Wild Horses,’ Livestock Science 116 (2008) pp. 1–14; James Downs, ‘The Origin and Spread of Riding in the Near East and Central Asia,’ American Anthropologist 63 (1961) pp. 1193–1230).

      77

      Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers p. 168; White, Medieval Technology pp. 15–17.

      78

      Hendrick, Horse Breeds p. 287; Neville, Traveller’s History p. 14; Severin, In Search of Genghis Khan p. 50.

      79

      S. Jagchid & C. R. Bawden, ‘Some Notes on the Horse Policy of the Yuan Dynasty,’ Central Asiatic Journal 10 (1965) pp. 246–265 (at pp. 248–250).

      80

      Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia ii p. 133.

      81

      Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 120.

      82

      Lattimore, Mongol Journeys p. 193: Jagchid & Bawden, ‘Horse Policy,’ pp. 248–250.

      83

      H. Desmond Martin, ‘The Mongol Army,’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1943) pp. 46–85.

      84

      Hyland, Medieval Warhorse p. 129.

      85

      Hyland, Medieval Warhorse p. 131.

      86

      De Windt, From Pekin p. 112.

      87

      Hyland, Medieval Warhorse pp. 133–134.

      88

      Waugh, Marco Polo p. 57.

      89

      Hyland, Medieval Warhorse p. 130. In any case, ‘Keeping all males entire would have led to absolute chaos in the droves of horses that travelled as back-up mounts in a Mongol army’ (ibid. p. 129).

      90

      Hyland, Medieval Warhorse p. 130.

      91

      Jagchid & Bawden, ‘Horse Policy,’ p. 249–250.

      92

      Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 2 p. 282. There are 153 species of mammals, 105 species of fish and 79 of reptiles. The number of bird species is disputed, depending on technical arguments over taxonomy, but is usually assessed as between 459 and 469.

      93

      Lattimore, Mongol Journeys p. 165.

      94

      For the many Mongol encounters with lions see Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches i pp. 31, 148–149; ii pp. 134, 265–266, 270, 293, 295. The Mongols sometimes hunted lions (Lane, Daily Life p. 17). Bretschneider (i p. 116) mentions a Mongol lion hunt in which ten lions were killed.

      95

      JB ii p. 613.

      96

      Wilson & Reeder, Mammal Species p. 548; Helmut Henner, ‘Uncia uncia,’ Mammalian Species 20 (1972) pp. 1–5; Sunquist, Wild Cats рр. 377–394; Buell, Historical Dictionary p. 119.

      97

      Jackson & Morgan, Ruhruck p. 142; Pelliot, Recherches sur les Chretiens pp. 91–92; Rockhill, Land of the Lamas pp. 157–158. The quote is from De Windt, From Pekin p. 114.

      98

      Wilson & Reeder, Mammal Species pp. 754–818; Lattimore, Mongol Journeys pp. 256–258; Severin, Search pp. 219–220.

      99

      Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 2 p. 286; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches i pp. 98, 130; Lattimore, Mongol Journeys p. 170.

      100

      Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches, i pp. 31, 128,143–145; ii р. 250.

      101

      De Windt, From Pekin p. 146, 220; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches ii p. 192; Hue, High Road pp. 43–44; Lattimore, Mongoljoumeys p. 166.

      102

      Skelton, Marston & Painter, Vinland Map p. 86.

      103

      Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 89.

      104

      Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 6–7.

      105

      Blake & Frye, Grigor of Akanc p. 295.

      106

      Lane, Daily Life.

      107

      Dawson, Mongol Mission p. 18; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 89.

      108

      Schuyler Cammann, ‘Mongol Costume, Historical and Recent,’ in Sinor, Aspects pp. 157–166.

      109

      Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 7–8; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 89; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches i pp. 52–53; Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither (1866 ed.) ii p. 222; Arthur Waley, Travels of an Alchemist p. 67.

      110

      Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck pp. 72–73; Waley, Travels op. cit. p. 66; Schuyler Cammann, ‘Mongol dwellings, with special reference to Inner Mongolia,’ in Sinor, Aspects pp. 17–22; Jagchid & Hyer, Mongolia’s Culture pp. 62–67; cf also Torvald Faegne, Tents.

      111

      Dawson, Mongol Mission p. 17.

      112

      Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck pp. 79, 84; JB i p. 21; J. A. Boyle, ‘Kirakos of Ganjak on the Mongols,’ Central Asiatic Journal 8 (1963); Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora iv. pp. 76–77, 388; vi p. 77; d’Ohsson, Histoire.

      113

      Gregory G. Guzman, ‘Reports of Mongol Cannibalism in the 13th Century in Latin Sources: Oriental Fact or Western Fiction?’ in Westrem, Discovering New Worlds pp. 31–68; L. Hambis, ‘L’histoire des Mongols avant Genghis-khan d’apres les sources chinoises et mongoles, et la documentation conservee par Rasid-al-Din,’ Central Asiatic Journal 14 (1970) pp. 125–133 (atp. 129).

      114

      Jackson &

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