A Companion to Latin American Literature and Culture - Группа авторов

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as can be appreciated in the fragment quoted above–of the majority of (if not all) the Clovis-first supporters. He is one of the scholars who propose the Clovis fluted point as the first American innovation (182) and who suggests a parallel between said invention and other American cultural artifacts: “From Guatemala to the Dakotas, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast, the method of manufacture of Clovis points and other artefacts was uniform. Unless we count our own time, with its ubiquitous Coca-Cola cans and baseball caps, such cultural homogeneity has never been seen since in North America” (183).

      8 8 Neo evolutionist conceptions (like the model developed by Marshall D. Sahlins and Elman R. Service) postulate a four-stage system for human societies: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states (1960). One of the reasons of its success, according to archaeologist Gavin Lucas, is that it offers a universal view of history in a unilinear, unidirectional sequence (2005, 13). In it, humankind seems to follow a single pattern of “progress” that goes from the simplest to the most complex forms of organization.

      9 9 Major expert on early states, Norman Yoffee states that he, in his long career, has not been able to find a single case, either in the archaeological record or in the ethnohistorical one, where a chiefdom became a state – which is the kind of transformation expected by evolutionary narratives. On the contrary, in his research he has found that chiefdoms are invariably part of trajectories that are alternative to that of the state (2005, 31).

      10 10 Even authors who, like Mann, are aware of the risks that the use of notions such as complexity entail, decide to use it anyway, albeit in a restricted sense (2005, 342). Maybe that explains his use of the expression “advanced” when he compares the degree of complexity or “civilization” achieved by different societies–say, the Maya and contemporary European societies (2005, 19).

      11 11 For a detailed discussion of the place of indigeneity in Uruguay in the second half of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty first century, see Verdesio (2014, 2020a).

      12 12 For a study on the new-age tourism attracted by Indigenous archaeological sites, see the classic ethnographic film by Jeffrey Himpele and Quetzil Castaneda (1997).

      13 13 For a more detailed discussion of monumentality and some of the most influential studies on the subject produced by several disciplines, see Verdesio (2020b).

      14 14 For an overview of the wide array of Andean cultures, see the books by Lumbreras (1989) and Moseley (2001). For research on Chavin de Huantar, see Burger (1995).

      15 15 For a description of the difficult environmental conditions that peoples from the Puna, the Altiplano, the Coast, and the Amazon basin had to deal with, see Moseley (2001).

      16 16 For an overview of the different stages (that is, arbitrary divisions proposed by archaeologists) in the history of human occupation of Mexico, see Coe (1994).

      17 17 See the books by Emerson (1997) and by Pauketat and Emerson (1997), where the hypothesis that presents Cahokia as a paramount chiefdom is the point of departure of most of the analyses contained in those two volumes.

      18 18 See also his ideas about this subject in a more recent book (2007).

      19 19 This idea that America, before the arrival of Europeans, was a land whose nature was left undisturbed by human hands is shared by a significant number of modern-day scholars (Lentz 2000, 1).

      20 20 There are estimates that establish the number of mounds and forest islands at 10,000 in the Bolivian Amazon (Erickson 2006, 257).

      21 21 Erickson says: “The nature/culture dichotomy … and the anthropological concept of human adaptation have limited our understanding of the Amazonian environment” (2006, 265).

      22 22 In the field of anthropology, a few hyphened ethnographies have emerged: collaborative, militant, engaged, and others (see Rodríguez 2019), while in the field of archaeology, there is a significant number of attempts at collaboration with Indigenous peoples (for a recent reflection on those cases, see Verdesio forthcoming 2021).

      References

      1 Acosta, José de. Natural and Moral History of the Indies. Trans. Frances López-Morillas. Ed. Jane E. Mangan. Introduction and commentary by Walter D. Mignolo. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.

      2 Ameghino, Florentino. La antigüedad del hombre en el Plata. Vol. 2. Buenos Aires: La Cultura Argentina, 1918 [1880].

      3 Bracco, Roberto. “Dataciones 14C en sitios con elevación,” Revista Antropología 1/1 (1990): 11–17.

      4 ———. “Desarrollo cultural y evolución ambiental en la región Este del Uruguay,” in Ediciones del Quinto Centenario, Vol. I. Eds. Renzo Pi Hugarte. et al. Montevideo: Universidad de la República, 1992, 43–73.

      5 Burger, Richard L. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.

      6 Byrd, Kathleen. The Poverty Point Culture. Local Manifestations, Subsistence Practices, and Trade Networks. Geoscience and Man. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1991.

      7 Cabrera Pérez, Leonel. “El pasado que negamos,” Anales del VIo encuentro nacional y IVo regional de historia I 1 (1989): 115–117.

      8 Chappell, Sally A. Kitt. Cahokia. Mirror of the Cosmos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

      9 Clement, Charles R., W. M. Denevan, M. J. Heckenberger, A. B. Junqueira, E. G. Neves, W. G. Teixeira, and W. I. Woods. “The Domestication of Amazonia before European Conquest,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0813.

      10 Coe, Michael D. The Maya. 6th ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001.

      11 ———. Mexico. From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 4th ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994.

      12 “Columbus Is Still Widely Admired, U-M Study Shows,” News Service.University of Michigan. 2005. www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Oct05/r100305.

      13 Deloria, Vine, Jr. Red Earth, White Lies. Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact. Golden: Fulcrum, 1997.

      14 Dillehay, Thomas D. The Settlement of the Americas. A New Prehistory. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

      15 Echo-Hawk, Roger C. “Ancient History in the New World: Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time,” American Antiquity 65/2 (2000): 267–290.

      16 Emerson, Thomas E. Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.

      17 Erickson, Clark. “Prehistoric Landscape Management in the Andean Highlands: Raised Field Agriculture and Its Environmental Impact,” Population and Environment 13/4 (1992): 285–300.

      18 ———. “The Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin,” in Economic Aspects of Water Management In the Prehispanic New World. Research in Economic Anthropology. Supplement 7. Eds. Vernon Scarborough and Barry Isaac. Greenwich: Jai Press, 1993, 369–426.

      19 ———. “An Artificial Landscape-scale Fishery in the Bolivian Amazon,” Nature 408 (2000): 190–193.

      20 ———. “The Domesticated Landscapes of the Bolivian Amazon,” in Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. Eds. William Balée and Clark Erickson. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, 235–278.

      21 ———. “Amazonia: The Historical Ecology of a Domesticated Landscape,” in Handbook of South American Archaeology. Eds. Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell. Berlin: Springer, 2008, 157–183.

      22 Flannery, Tim. The Eternal Frontier. An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York: Atlantic Monthly Publishing, 2001.

      23 Gibson, Jon L. Poverty Point. A Terminal Archaic Culture of the Lower Mississippi Valley. 2nd ed. Baton Rouge: Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, 1999.

      24 Gibson, Jon L. and Philip J. Carr.

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