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Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology. Kirk N. Gelatt
Читать онлайн.Название Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119801351
Автор произведения Kirk N. Gelatt
Жанр Биология
Издательство John Wiley & Sons Limited
Figure 2.19 A colorful dog, as seen by a normal trichromat (a). In (b), the color information from the photograph has been extracted. The photograph has been filtered to mimic how a protanope (c), a deuteranope (d), a tritanope (e), and a cone monochromat (f) would perceive the same scene. The protanope and deuteranope can distinguish between short and long wavelengths, whereas the tritanope can subdivide the middle‐to‐long wavelengths into different hues.
Table 2.16 Visual acuity in select species.a
| Species | Snellen resolutionb | Spatial frequency (cycles/degree)b | Methodc | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eagle (Aquila audax) | 20/4 | 140 | Behavioral and anatomical | Reymond (1985) |
| Falcon (Falco berigora) | 20/8 | 73 | Behavioral and anatomical | Reymond (1987) |
| Macaque monkey | 20/16 | 38 | Behavioral | Merigan & Katz (1990) |
| Human | 20/20 | 30 | Ravikumar et al. (2011) | |
| Horse | 20/26 | 23 | Behavioral | Timney & Keil (1992) |
| 20/36 | 16.5 | Anatomical | Harman et al. (1999) | |
| King penguin | Anatomical | Coimbra et al. (2012) | ||
| Underwater | 20/30 | 20.4 | ||
| In air | 20/40 | 15.3 | ||
| Alpaca | 20/45 | 13.4 | Anatomical | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Sheep | 20/51–20/43 | 11.7–14 | Behavioral | Sugnaseelan et al. (2013) |
| 20/86–20/60 | 7–10 | Anatomical | Hughes (1977) | |
| Camel | 20/60 | 10 | Anatomical | Harman et al. (2001) |
| Dog | 20/140–20/52 | 4.3–11.6 | Electrophysiology | Odom et al. (1983); Ofri et al. (1993); Murphy et al. (1997) |
| 20/110–20/31 | 5.5–19.5 | Behavioral | Lind et al. (2017) | |
| Cat | 20/190 | 3.2 | Behavioral | Jarvis & Wathes (2007) |
| 20/90 | 6.5 | Electrophysiology | Berkley & Watkins (1971) | |
| 20/33 | 18 | Anatomical | Steinberg et al. (1973); Clark & Clark (2013) | |
| Barn owl | Behavioral | Orlowski et al. (2012) | ||
| 20/190 | 3.2 (Mesopic) | |||
| 20/500 | 1.2 (Scotopic) | |||
| Rabbit | 20/200 | 3 | Electrophysiology | Pak (1984) |
| Cow | 20/460–20/230 | 1.3–2.6 | Behavioral | Rehkämper et al. (1998, 2000) |
| Rat | Behavioral | Prusky et al. (2002) | ||
| pigmented | 20/600–20/400 | 1–1.5 | ||
| albino | 20/1200 | 0.5 | ||
| Mouse | 20/1000 | 0.58 | Behavioral | Lehmann et al. (2012) |
| 20/1500 | 0.39 | Optokinetics | Lehmann et al. (2012) |