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Optic Cup of Retinal Images in Medical Imaging” Birendra Biswal, Raveendra T., Dwiti Krishna Bebarta, Geetha Pavani P. and P.K. Biswal discussed the several robust segmentation algorithms such as a new statistical-based Kurtosis test, a novel hybrid active contour method with a new pre-processing technique is applied to fundus images of human eyes for observing the changes in Retinal Blood Vessels and Optic Disc & Optic Cup to classify as healthy or diseased eyes. For validating all these robust segmentation algorithms standard metrics are used in evaluating the performance of segmentation models. Consequently, the experimental result and comparison analysis are presented to estimate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. As a result, standard metrics of the proposed algorithm were compared with many other previous methods suggested by various researchers and it is confirmed as to attain better efficacy values.

      In Chapter 5, “Analysis of Healthcare Systems Using Computational Approaches” Hemanta Kumar Bhuyan and Subhendu Kumar Pani highlight recent contributions and efficiency of AI and ML in computer systems development for better healthcare and precision medicine. Despite various traditional and AI-based solutions, current healthcare constraints and challenges include uneven distribution of resources towards the future of digital healthcare. Unmet clinical research and data analytics requires the development of intelligent and secure systems to support the transformation of practices for the worldwide application of precision medicine. Overarching goals include new multifunctional platforms that incorporate heterogeneous clinical data from multiple platforms based on clinical, AI, and technical premises. It must address possible challenges that continue to slow the progress of this breakthrough approach.

      In Chapter 6, “Expert Systems in Behavioral and Mental Healthcare: Applications of AI in Decision-Making and Consultancy” Shrikaant Kulkarni Present the latest technological advancements so as to showcase futuristic challenges and a glance at potential innovations on the horizon. The treatise enumerates the expert systems in behavioral and mental healthcare areas. It also further discusses the benefits AI can offer to behavioral and mental healthcare.

      In Chapter 7, “A Mathematical-Based Epidemic Model to Prevent and Control Outbreak of Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19)” Shanmuk Srinivas Amiripalli, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Kollu, Ritika Prasad, Mukkamala S.N.V. Jitendra provide a preliminary evolutionary graph theory based mathematical model was designed for control and prevention of COVID-19. In the proposed model, well known technique of social distancing with different variations are implemented. Lockdown by many countries leads to the decrease of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and increase in mental problems in citizens. These two problems can be solved by the administration of antivirus in some form to the public as a counterpart to the virus. This model works more effectively with high percolation of antiviral nodes in a population and over a period of time. There should be an exponential growth of antivirus nodes to heal the infected population.

In Chapter 8, “An Access Authorization Mechanism for Electronic Health Records of Blockchain to Sheathe Fragile Information” Sowjanya Naidu K. and Srinivasa L. Chakravarthy focuses on maintaining the patient records in the blockchain immutable ledger which allows the doctors to upload the patient records and give access to other doctors and also impose certain rights to the patients to revoke the access to everyone which provides security to the patient's records. This can also be extended to the insurance providers where they use the immutable ledger of the Electronic Health Records chain to check the patient's records and payments. Block chain technology allows the patients to assign access rules for their medical data. Block chain technology is expected to improve the Electronic Health records management and the claim process by the insurance agencies also. Not only does the Blockchain enhance the security of the data but it also helps to reduce the long and tedious process of the interhospital transfers and simplifies the process of record keeping of the Electronic Health Records. This work is beneficial to many stakeholders who are related to the medical system to carry better health services and provide security to the user's rights of protecting the data. An attempt has been made to design a framework for the individuals to access the data on the blockchain. The frameworks propose a layered approach for accessing the data of the patient by different stakeholders.

      In Chapter 9, “An Epidemic Graph's Modeling Application to the COVID-19 Outbreak” Hemanta Kumar Bhuyan and Subhendu Kumar Pani present a novel machine learning approach that can estimate any epidemiological model's parameters based on two types of information: either static or dynamic. It primarily utilizes the Graph model using deep learning approaches and Long-term memories (LSTMs) to obtain mobility data's spatial and temporal properties of SIR and SIRD models. It runs and simulates using data on the Italian COVID dynamics and compares the model predictions to previously observed epidemics.

      In Chapter 10, “Big Data and Data Mining in e-Health: Legal Issues and Challenges” Amita Verma and Arpit Bansal focus on the legal framework with respect to privacy in India and a comparison of the same with other countries. E-Health is a rising industry. At a time when physical healthcare facilities are full of COVID19 patients, the e-Health Industry has become even more diverse and is being resorted to as primary healthcare system specially to treat regular health problems. The health data of millions of patients is being stored online. The same is done through the concept of Big Data and Data Mining in e-Health. In India, National Digital Health Mission is aimed towards the use of this technique to simplify e-Health services.

In Chapter 11, “Basic Scientific and Clinical Applications” Manna Sheela Rani Chetty and Kiran Babu C. V. discuss the various applications and its significant advancements in medicine and health care. Appling the principles of computer science and information science to the advancement of research in the area of life sciences, health professions education, public health, patient care, etc. can be considered as biomedical and health informatics (HI). The integrative field and multidisciplinary focuses on health information technologies, and involves the computer, cognitive, and social sciences. Informatics is one of the sciences which reflects how to use data, information and knowledge to improve human health and the delivery of health care services. HI studies the effective use of probabilistic information for decision making. The combination of both has greatest potential to rise quality, efficacy and efficiency of treatment and care.

      In Chapter 12, “Healthcare Branding Through Service Quality” Saraju Prasad and Sunil Dhal offer a deep insight into the service quality model dimensions in healthcare. In India the healthcare services can be divided into two categories like public and private healthcare services. The Public Healthcare System (PHC) which is under the control of government is available in cities and rural areas and provides services mostly primary services. Majority of the private sector healthcare service providers are in metropolis, capital cities and few others cities of the country mostly focused on secondary and tertiary services. India got the competitive advantages in maximum number of experienced medical practitioners.

       Concluding Remarks

      The chapters of this book were written by eminent professors, researchers and those involved in the industry from different countries. The chapters were initially peer reviewed by the editorial board members, reviewers, and those in the industry, who themselves span many countries. The chapters are arranged to all have the basic introductory topics and advancements as well as future research directions, which enable budding researchers and engineers to pursue their work in this area.

Big Data Analytics and machine intelligence in biomedical and health informatics is so diversified that it cannot be covered in a single book. However, with the encouraging research contributed by the researchers in this book, we (contributors), editorial board members, and reviewers tried to sum up the latest research domains, developments in the data analytics field, and applicable

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