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Monitoring Changes in Concentrations of Trace Elements 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Historical Fundamentals of X‐Ray Instruments and Present Trends in Biological Science 36.1 Brief History of X‐Ray Fluorescence 36.2 Introduction 36.3 Nature of X‐Rays 36.4 Production of X‐Rays 36.5 Interaction of X‐Rays with Matter 36.6 Role of X‐Rays in Biological Analysis 36.7 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 36.8 X‐Ray Detectors 36.9 Polarization of X‐Rays 36.10 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Rays 36.11 Preventative Measures 36.12 Concluding Remarks References 37 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Biological Objects in Mongolia 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Determination of Some Elements in Plant Materials of the Khuvsgul Lake Basin 37.3 Human Hair Studies in Mongolia 37.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Forensic Investigations in Mongolia 37.5 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Livestock Using XRF 37.6 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Foods Using XRF Acknowledgements References 38 Arsenic Analysis 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Arsenic Species 38.3 Gutzeit Method 38.4 Principles of HG‐AAS Arsenic Analysis 38.5 Problems in Yamauchi's Method 38.6 Selective Excitation of SRXRF 38.7 Stray Light 38.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 39 X‐Ray Fluorescence: Current Trends and Future Scope 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Principle 39.3 X‐Ray Fluorescence 39.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Technique 39.5 XRF Technique Used in Biology 39.6 Applications of XRF in the Study of Plant Physiology 39.7 Application in Animal Biology and Medicinal Biology 39.8 Applications in Nanotechnology 39.9 Methodological Improvement 39.10 Molecular Fluorescence Samples 39.11 Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR) Spectroscopy 39.12 Novel X‐Ray Imaging Methods 39.13 Conclusion and Advances References

      12  Index

      13  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Overview of some analytical techniques including AAS, ICP, LIBS, ...Table 1.2 Advantages and limitations of ion chromatography (IC) [3, 7].Table 1.3 Advantages and limitations of SEM‐EDS method [3, 8].

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Features and analytical capabilities of XRF systems used in veget...

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Contents of some elements in the samples of tea (ppm) of differen...Table 3.2 Concentrations of elements in some coffee products (ppm).Table 3.3 Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of some elements in co...Table 3.4 Description of analyzed tea samples from Krasnodar.Table 3.5 Range, mean (C _mean ) and standard deviation (S) of elements' co...Table 3.6 The relative specific intensities of I_rel for the analytical line...

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Some sample support materials suitable for use in TXRF analysis a...

      5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Analytical results of Orchard Leaf (NIST1571) obtained from Compa...Table 6.2 Precision and accuracy of the method.

      6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 A comparison of merits and demerits of EDXRF and TXRF techniques....Table 8.2 A comparison of analytical

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