Textbook of Lifestyle Medicine - Labros S. Sidossis

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is the recommended daily amount of fiber intake?

      4 According to the World Cancer Research Fund, what is the recommendation of red meat consumption per week?

      5 How much moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity should children engage in?30 minutes or more per day60 minutes or more per day90 minutes or more per day150 minutes or more per day

      6 What are the recommendations for physical activity for adults?

      7 Tobacco use has been shown to have a positive relationship with:strokeCHDT2DMrespiratory problemsimpaired immune functionall of the above

      8 Define the terms binge and heavy drinking.

      9 How can stress affect CVD development?

      10 What does the term epigenetic mechanisms refer to?

      11 Briefly describe the effects of SFAs on health.

      12 How can TFAs increase CVD risk?

      13 Which of the following statements about Western‐type diets are correct?They are characterized by high intakes of meat, refined grains, fast food, eggs, high‐sugar drinks and sweets, as well as low intake of fruits and vegetables.They represent a major risk factor for hypertension due to their high salt content.They can induce low‐grade inflammation and oxidative stress and lead to an abnormal activation of the sympathetic nervous system.They seem to alter the structure of the microbiome even in the absence of obesity.All of the above

      14 Fill in the blanks:Inactive adults have_________increased risk of all‐cause mortality, compared to those who engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity PA per week._________is the leading risk factor of cancer‐specific deaths._________may be related to decreased all‐cause mortality, compared to body weight values in the normal BMI range._________ but not_________ TFAs are associated with increased risk of CHD.Changing our diet from:________‐based foods to_________‐based foods may result in better health outcomes.

      15 Which of the following statements about TFAs are correct?TFA intake has been positively and robustly associated with increased risk of CHD and related mortality.TFAs are naturally present in foods, such as legumes and vegetable oils.Foods that commonly contain margarine, such as deep‐fried foods, baked goods, and snacks, are therefore high in TFAs.Naturally occurring TFAs are associated with increased risk of CVD.TFAs are not dangerous as long as total fat intake is low.

      1 Agorastos, A. and Chrousos, G.P. (2021). The neuroendocrinology of stress: the stress‐related continuum of chronic disease development. Mol. Psychiatry. doi: 10.1038/s41380‐021‐01224‐9.

      2 American Psychological Association. (2017). Stress effects on the body. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress‐body.aspx.

      3 Azadbakht, L., Haghighatdoost, F., Keshteli, A.H. et al. (2017). Consumption of energy‐dense diets in relation to metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in Iranian female nurses. Public Health Nutr. 20 (5): 893–901.

      4 Azais‐Braesco, V., Sluik, D., Maillot, M. et al. (2017). A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. Nutr. J. 16 (1): 6.

      5 Bielemann, R.M., Silva, B.G., Coll Cde, V. et al. (2015). Burden of physical inactivity and hospitalization costs due to chronic diseases. Rev. Saude Publica 49: 75.

      6 Briggs, M.A., Petersen, K.S., and Kris‐Etherton, P.M. (2017). Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: replacements for saturated fat to reduce cardiovascular risk. Healthcare (Basel) 5 (2): 29.

      7 Cheng, F.W., Gao, X., Mitchell, D.C. et al. (2016). Body mass index and all‐cause mortality among older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 10: 2232–2239.

      8 Davinelli, S., Maes, M., Corbi, G. et al. (2016). Dietary phytochemicals and neuro‐inflammaging: from mechanistic insights to translational challenges. Immun. Ageing 13: 16.

      9 Davis, A., Liu, R., Kerr, J.A. et al. (2019). Inflammatory diet and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes in 11–12 year‐olds and mid‐life adults: a cross‐sectional population‐based study. Atherosclerosis 285: 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.212.

      10 de Souza, R.J., Mente, A., Maroleanu, A. et al. (2015). Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. Br. Med. J. 351: h3978.

      11 Drouin‐Chartier, J.P., Brassard, D., Tessier‐Grenier, M. et al. (2016). Systematic review of the association between dairy product consumption and risk of cardiovascular‐related clinical outcomes. Adv. Nutr. 7 (6): 1026–1040.

      12 Finer, S., Iqbal, M.S., Lowe, R. et al. (2016). Is famine exposure during developmental life in rural Bangladesh associated with a metabolic and epigenetic signature in young adulthood? A historical cohort study. BMJ Open 6 (11): e011768.

      13 Fransen, H.P., Boer, J.M.A., Beulens, J.W.J. et al. (2017). Associations between lifestyle factors and an unhealthy diet. Eur. J. Public Health 27 (2): 274–278.

      14 Gassen, N.C., Chrousos, G.P., Binder, E.B. et al. (2017). Life stress, glucocorticoid signaling, and the aging epigenome: Implications for aging‐related diseases. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 74 (Pt B): 356–365. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.003.

      15 GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 393 (10184): 1958–1972.

      16 Gong, L., Cao, W., Chi, H. et al. (2018). Whole cereal grains and potential health effects: involvement of the gut microbiota. Food Res. Int. 103: 84–102.

      17 Guthold, R., Stevens, G.A., Riley, L.M., and Bull, F.C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population‐based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet Glob. Health 6 (10): e1077–e1086.

      18 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2018). Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, WA: IHME. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd‐results‐tool.

      19 Johnston, B.C., Zeraatkar, D., Han, M.A. et al. (2019). Unprocessed red meat and processed meat consumption: dietary guideline recommendations from the nutritional recommendations (NutriRECS) consortium. Ann. Intern. Med. 171 (10): 756–764.

      20 Kleber, M.E., Delgado, G.E., Lorkowski, S., März, W., and von Schacky, C. (2016). Trans‐fatty acids and mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur. Heart J. 37 (13): 1072–1078. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv446.

      21 Kokkinos, P., Faselis, C., Franklin, B. et al. (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 21 (4): 436–444.

      22 Kopp, W. (2019). How Western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 12: 2221–2236.

      23 Krekoukia, M., Nassis, G.P., Psarra, G. et al. (2007). Elevated total and central adiposity and low physical activity are associated with insulin resistance in children. Metabolism 56 (2): 206–213.

      24 Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F. et al. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non‐communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 380 (9838): 219–229. PMID: 22818936; PMCID: PMC3645500.

      25 Li, Y., Hruby, A., Bernstein, A.M. et al. (2015). Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 66 (14): 1538–1548.

      26 Liska, D.J., Cook, C.M., Wang, D.D. et al. (2016). Trans fatty acids and cholesterol levels: an evidence map of the available science. Food Chem. Toxicol. 98 (Pt B): 269–281.

      27 Livesey,

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