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Drug Transporters. Группа авторов
Читать онлайн.Название Drug Transporters
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119739876
Автор произведения Группа авторов
Жанр Медицина
Издательство John Wiley & Sons Limited
References listed above are those where the human chromosome locus were reported.
1.7 NOMENCLATURE OF DRUG TRANSPORTERS
The primary objective of this nomenclature is to provide a unifying system of assigning an unambiguous designation to each drug transporter gene and its protein, inclusive of the specific subclass to which it belongs. This book adopts the HUGO‐approved designations, which are used widely by the drug transporter communities. In general, the genes are named using the root symbol, e.g., SLC, followed by a numeral (e.g., SLC22, solute carrier family 22), followed by a letter that defines the subfamily (only A is used when the family has not been subdivided), and finally a number designating the individual transporter gene (e.g., SLC22A6). Transporters are assigned to a specific family if the encoded protein has at least 20% amino acid sequence identity to other members of that family. There is also naming difference between human and nonhuman species: For human gene, e.g., SLCO (all italicized, all capitalized), and for human protein, e.g., OATP (not italicized, all capitalized); For nonhuman gene, e.g., Slco (all italicized, only the initial letter is capitalized), and for nonhuman protein, e.g., Oatp (not italicized, only the initial letter is capitalized).
1.8 REGULATION OF DRUG TRANSPORTERS
Giving the importance of drug transporters in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of a diverse array of environmental toxins and clinically important drugs, alteration in the function of these transporters plays a critical role in intra‐ and inter‐individual variability of the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicity of the drugs. As a result, the activity of drug transporters must be under tight regulation so as to carry out their normal duties. Key players involved in the regulation of transporters are hormones, protein kinases, nuclear receptors, scaffolding proteins, and disease conditions. These players may affect transporter activity at multiple levels, including (i) when and how often a gene encoding a given transporter is transcribed (transcriptional control), (ii) how the primary RNA transcript is spliced or processed (RNA processing control), (iii) which mRNA in the cytoplasm is translated by ribosomes (translational control), (iv) which mRNA is destabilized in the cytoplasm (mRNA degradation control), and (v) how a transporter is modified and assembled after it has been made (posttranslational control). Post‐translational modification may alter physical and chemical properties of the transporters, their folding, conformation, distribution, stability, and their activity. Because of such loops and layers of regulation, the functional diversity of