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6.6. ULTRASLOW METABOLISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF DEEP LIFE: IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION AND ASTROBIOLOGY REFERENCES 7 Biogeochemistry of Marine Petroleum Systems 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. FORMATION OF OIL RESERVOIRS 7.3. ECOSYSTEM CONSTRAINTS AND HABITABILITY OF PETROLEUM BASINS 7.4. MICROBIOME FRAMEWORK OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS 7.5. MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS IN MARINE OIL RESERVOIRS 7.6. SUMMARY VIEW OF THE POTENTIAL NETWORK OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN OFFSHORE OIL RESERVOIRS 7.7. EFFECTS OF BIODEGRADATION ON PETROLEUM PROPERTIES 7.8. DELETERIOUS MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES: HYDROGEN SULFIDE PRODUCTION (SOURING) AND ITS REMEDIATION WITH NITRATE 7.9. IN SITU MICROBIAL PROCESSES BENEFICIAL TO OIL RECOVERY 7.10. CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

      8  Biome III: Polar Oceans 8 Biogeochemical Processes in the Arctic Ocean 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND ITS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 8.3. RESPONSE OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND ARCTIC FJORDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE 8.4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF GLACIAL DISCHARGE ON MARINE RESOURCES 8.5. EFFECT OF BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION 8.6. ARCTIC PERMAFROST 8.7. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 9 Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Indian Sectorof the Southern Ocean 9.1. INTRODUCTION 9.2. ROLE OF CURRENTS AND OCEANIC FRONTS IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 9.3. NUTRIENTS IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 9.4. SOUTHERN OCEAN PLANKTON ECOLOGY 9.5. OCEAN CARBONATE CHEMISTRY 9.6. SEA ICE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE GLOBAL CHANGE 9.7. SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 10 Benthic Biome of the Southern Ocean 10.1. INTRODUCTION 10.2. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 10.3. BENTHIC ECOREGIONS AND BIODIVERSITY 10.4. EVOLUTIONARY SETTING AND UNIQUE TRAIT MODALITIES 10.5. BIOTIC INTERACTION 10.6. DISPERSAL AND ENDEMISM 10.7. CLIMATE CHANGE AND BENTHOS 10.8. CONSERVATION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 10.9. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11 Biogeochemistry of the Antarctic Coasts: Implications for Biodiversity and Climate Change 11.1. INTRODUCTION 11.2. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ON THE ANTARCTIC COAST 11.3. ANTARCTIC COASTAL FEATURES IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 11.4. INTERLINK BETWEEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND CLIMATE CHANGE 11.5. FLORAL AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF ANTARCTICA: DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE 11.6. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON ALGAL BIODIVERSITY 11.7. SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES

      9  Biome IV: Extreme Environments 12 Geomicrobiology at a Physicochemical Limit for Life 12.1. INTRODUCTION 12.2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF DEEP‐SEA HYPERSALINE ANOXIC BASINS 12.3. DEEP‐SEA HYPERSALINE ANOXIC BASINS AS PHYSICOCHEMICAL LIMITS OF THE EARTH’S BIOSPHERE 12.4. GEOMICROBIAL DYNAMICS IN DEEP‐SEA HYPERSALINE ANOXIC BASINS ACROSS THE GLOBAL OCEAN 12.5. A UNIVERSAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ALL DEEP‐SEA HYPERSALINE ANOXIC BASINS (AND OTHER HIGH‐ENTROPY O₂‐SCARCE MARINE MICROBIOMES?) 12.6. ASTROBIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF DEEP‐SEA HYPERSALINE ANOXIC BASINS REFERENCES 13 Ecology of Cold Seep Habitats 13.1.

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