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guarantees left-to-right evaluation for most operators other than the ones marked in the table.

TABLE 2.1 Order of operator precedence

Operator	Symbols and examples	Evaluation
Post-unary operators	expression++, expression--	Left-to-right
Pre-unary operators	++expression, --expression	Left-to-right
Other unary operators	-, !, ~, +, (type)	Right-to-left
Cast	(Type)reference	Right-to-left
Multiplication/division/modulus	*, /, %	Left-to-right
Addition/subtraction	+, -	Left-to-right
Shift operators	<<, >>, >>>	Left-to-right
Relational operators	<, >, <=, >=, instanceof	Left-to-right
Equal to/not equal to	==, !=	Left-to-right
Logical AND	&	Left-to-right
Logical exclusive OR	^	Left-to-right
Logical inclusive OR	|	Left-to-right
Conditional AND	&&	Left-to-right
Conditional OR	||	Left-to-right
Ternary operators	boolean expression ? expression1 : expression2	Right-to-left
Assignment operators	=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=	Right-to-left
Arrow operator	->	Right-to-left

We recommend keeping Table 2.1 handy throughout this chapter. For the exam, you need to memorize the order of precedence in this table. Note that you won't be tested on some operators, like the shift operators, although we recommend that you be aware of their existence.

       The arrow operator (->), sometimes called the arrow function or lambda operator, is a binary operator that represents a relationship between two operands. Although we won't cover the arrow operator in this chapter, you will see it used in switch expressions in Chapter 3, “Making Decisions,” and in lambda expressions starting in Chapter 8, “Lambdas and Functional Interfaces.”

Applying Unary Operators

By definition, a unary operator is one that requires exactly one operand, or variable, to function. As shown in Table 2.2, they often perform simple tasks, such as increasing a numeric variable by one or negating a boolean value.

TABLE 2.2 Unary operators

Operator	Examples	Description
Logical complement	!a	Inverts a boolean's logical value
Bitwise complement	~b	Inverts all 0s and 1s in a number
Plus	+c	Indicates a number is positive, although numbers are assumed to be positive in Java unless accompanied by a negative unary operator
Negation or minus	-d	Indicates a literal number is negative or negates an expression
Increment	++e f++	Increments a value by 1
Decrement	--f h--	Decrements a value by 1
Cast	(String)i	Casts a value to a specific type

      Even though Table 2.2 includes the casting operator, we postpone discussing casting until the “Assigning Values” section later in this chapter, since that is where it is commonly used.

      Complement and Negation Operators

      Since we're going to be working with a lot of numeric operators in this chapter, let's get the boolean one out of the way first. The logical complement operator (!) flips the value of a boolean expression. For example, if the value is true, it will be converted to false, and vice versa. To illustrate this, compare the outputs of the following statements:

      boolean

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