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Ultraviolet Pt/TiO₂ 10. Glucose 85% Fructose = 55% (S) Glucaric acid = 1.5% (S) Gluconic acid = 34% (S) Erythrose = 11% (S) Ultraviolet TiO₂ HPA₂/TiO₂ 11. Cellulose 59% Glucose = 48.1% (Y) HMF = 10.6% (Y) Visible Au-HYT 12. Glucose 11.5% Gluconic acid + Formic acid = 20% (S) Visible Ag-P25 13. Glucose 16% H₂ = 97 μmol (Y) Ultraviolet Pt-F-TiO₂ 14. Glucose 53% H₂ = 1,700 μmol (Y) Ultraviolet Pt/TiO₂ 15. Cellulose 9.7% H₂ = 600 mmol/g Simulated solar light CdS/CdO_x 16. Lignin 85% Guaiacol, Vanillic acid and Vanillin and 4-Pheyl-1-1buten-4-ol = 23.2% (Y) Solar Light Pt/Bi-TiO₂ (P25) 17. Glucose 42% Gluconic acid + Formic acid = 7% (S) Visible P25 18. HMF 50% FDC = 30% (S) Ultraviolet N-TiO₂ 19. HMF 40% FDC = 50% (S) Natural solar g-C₃N₄ 20. HMF 31.2% FDC = 85.6% (S) Visible g-C₃N₄ 21. Glucose 69.5% Gluconic acid = 5.5% (Y) Formic acid = 28.2% (Y) Ultraviolet TiO₂ 22. Glucose ~100% Formate = 35% (S) Ultraviolet TiO₂ 23. HMF 99.1% FDCA = 97% (S) Solar CoPz/g-C₃N₄ 24. HMF 20% FDC + FDCA = 99% (S) Visible Nb₂O₅ 25. Glucose 36% H₂ = 810 μmol (Y) Alogen Lamp Pt/TiO₂-W0.25 26. HMF 27.4% FDC = 87.2% (S) Visible WO₃/g-C₃N₄

Moreover, photocatalytic reforming is also beneficial for the treatment of non-reusable/non-recyclable waste plastics (PET and PLA wastes) over various Ni based catalysts [14, 15]. Due to this photoreforming, the formation of various organic compounds (such as acetate, formate, glycolate, and glyoxal) is possible by using waste plastics. This provides a better platform of photocatalytic reforming in real world application for the eradication of specific types of plastic wastes as discussed earlier so that the contribution for non-polluting environment can be done by an inexpensive, sustainable, and solar incident light radiation process. Table 1.5 provides details of conversion of various biomass substrate into valuable chemical fuels with suitable photocatalysts.

1.4 Conclusions

      Biomass as renewable feedstock is available on this earth in ample amount as fresh raw material and waste. There are many numbers of biomass vaporization technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, biochemical routes, photocatalysis, etc. Among all of them, photocatalytic valorization of biomass is recognized as an important technology to produce valuable products which can provide little redemption of pollution and also minimize the dependency on fossil fuels. Photocatalysts accelerate the rate of reaction and lower the activation energy to obtain feasibility in photocatalytic system. A large number of research studies have been carried out on photocatalysts and their enhanced activity but related reactor design aspects and knowledge about formation of side reaction is not available in sufficient manner. Therefore, researchers should focus on aforementioned issues so that photocatalytic valorization technology can be applied in proper application mode to contribute in enviro-economic sustainability system. Photocatalytic reforming combined with other technologies are also prevalent among researchers. This chapter concludes necessary information regarding background of photocatalytic valorization of biomass to produce chemical products and also point out about lack of research about other necessary issues. The step by step concluding remarks are given below to pursue research in right direction:

      1 (1) Photocatalysis depends on visible light availability and lack of visible lights affects adversely the activity of photocatalysts and reduces the efficiency of this process. The alternative way of utilize of low intensity of visible light should be found as semiconductors exhibits more solar radiation which reported less in literature.

      2 (2) There is less research on homogeneous photocatalysts found as compared to heterogeneous photocatalysts but TiO2 seems only heterogeneous photocatalyst in combination of other promoting catalysts. Therefore, new heterogeneous photocatalysts should be searched instead of TiO2.

      3 (3) Management of biomass is not proper. We should use fresh or unused biomass rather exploitation and collect wastes generated from biomass should come into the picture. It will be more feasible.

      4 (4)

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