LITMIR.BIZ

FIGURE 1.8 Generic RTLS system concept.

      The method of location is through various types of multilateration, including:

      When RFID tags are used, two methods of locating an object or people wearing a tag include:

      These approaches are discussed later, starting in Chapter 6.

      1.3.2 Heuristic Density for the Pandemic Era

HTC in tight spaces pre‐pandemic followed an (L/3)² order of magnitude, where L is the side length of a hypothetical (square) space; post‐pandemic, density follows an (L/6)² model, with a difference of the order of (L²/4 + L)/3. See Figure 1.9.

The relative “requirement relaxation” is (L/3 + 1)²/(L/6 + 1)², or about one‐quarter (0.25) the previous requirement (asymptotically with area size). Table 1.10 reinterprets the short‐term (2020–2023) requirements for airports; the other venues, except warehouses and IoT sensors, follow the 0.25 heuristic reduction.

1.4 THE CONCEPT OF A WIRELESS SuperNetwork

Institutional (corporate/campus) networks (INETs) have evolved considerably in the past 60 years, which spans the era of data communications. Figure 1.10 depicts a view of this evolution. As the decade of the 2020s dawned, one can assert that we have reached a stage where “super‐integrated,” feature‐rich INETs have emerged (what might be labeled as INET‐v6). Such “super integration” in the corporate/campus now covers (i) voice services in the form of VoIP, VoWi‐Fi, DASs, and private (virtual) cellular networks (in addition to the public cellular networks edging toward 5G); (ii) extreme reliance of Wi‐Fi access in the form of Wi‐Fi 6 and also new usable bands; (iii) Virtual Private Networks as the wide‐area connectivity of choice; (iv) integration of Building Management Systems (BMS) to support smart building/smart campus functionality along with RTLS and more general IoT functionality; (v) cloud‐based services and analytics, also based on the concepts of Software Defined Networks (SDNs) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV); (vi) massive use of videoconferencing as well as (corporate reception where/as needed) of OTT/IPTV video feeds (e.g. business TV); and the widespread use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL).