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A lower target seems appropriate for amusement parks, given that people go to these parks (usually with high entrance fees) for entertainment and less for spending time on personal communication devices. There are about 430 parks and amusement parks in the United States; Table 1.6 identifies the 10 top parks.

      1.2.5 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Classrooms

      Classrooms are in session only for certain hours of the day, of the week, of the seasons. Students may toggle between being online and listening to the teachers. In broad terms, a classroom (say of 40 × 40 ft and 32 students) would require one connection every 50 ft².

There were 132 853 K‐12 schools in the United States in 2015, according to data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The average public school size is as follows: city: 591 students; suburban: 656 students; and rural: 358 students. Table 1.7 depicts the enrolment in the top 10 districts in the United States.

TABLE 1.7 Enrolments at Largest US Districts

Rank	District Name	State	Enrollment (K)
1	New York City	NY	1100
2	Los Angeles Unified	CA	634
3	Chicago	IL	378
4	Miami‐Dade County	FL	357
5	Clark County	NV	327
6	Broward County	FL	272
7	Houston	TX	216
8	Hillsborough County	FL	214
9	Orange County	FL	200
10	Palm Beach County	FL	193

TABLE 1.8 Example of School Demographics (NYC)

Size Category	Number of Classrooms	Number of Offices	Total Building Area (ft2)	Approximate Number of Sites
Small	50	10	100 000	250
Medium	100	15	175 000	650
Large	140	25	300 000	275
Campus	200	40	450 000	100
				1275

A school may have a large number of classrooms, in addition to administrative offices. For example, New York City's Department of Education (DOE) is the largest school system in the United States, serving over 1.1 million children across 1800 schools with 140 000+ employees at 1300+ school buildings and 29 administrative sites across New York City. Many sites have multiple schools or administrative offices per building. While individual schools vary greatly in size, a standard set of LAN/WAN equipment, including switches, routers, servers, firewalls, and access points is deployed throughout individual school organizations and shared spaces. These networks provide e‐mail, administrative and instructional applications for both wired and wireless devices. Additionally, administrative networks are typically wired and are kept in separate VLANs from instructional networks. Table 1.8 illustrates the approximate size and demographics for New York City DOE School buildings.

      In addition to content traffic, there is an increasing need to provide IoT‐based functionality such as bathroom sensors for smoking or vaping of substances, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) operations, and video surveillance.

      1.2.6 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Train and Subway Stations

While some quote a figure of 6 persons per km² in subway stations [2], it is our pragmatic observation that the densities at rush hour are more in line with the parameters of Table 1.2, with concentration of 1 per 10 ft² or 1 per 20 ft². Table 1.9 provides some information on the subway and rapid transit systems in the United States (about 15 systems in total).

      1.2.7 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Office Environments

Office space represents a major environment where work is accomplished in the United States and around the world. Data from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey indicates that there were 5.6 million commercial buildings in the United States in 2012 (the most recent year for which data are available), spanning 87.4 billion ft² of floorspace (see Figure 1.3) [13, 14]. The typical space allocation per employee is 130–150 ft², although some lower‐end industries (e.g. retail) allocate less and some higher‐end industries (e.g. law firms) allocate more.

TABLE 1.9 Top Subway and Rapid Transit Systems in the United States

System	Annual Ridership (2018) (M)	Avg. Weekday Ridership (K)	Stations (Approx.)
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