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      Published by HarperCollinsPublishers

      77–85 Fulham Palace Road

      Hammersmith, London W6 8JB

       www.harpercollins.co.uk

      First published by Collins 1969

      First issued in Fontana 1972

      Copyright© Vincent Cronin, 1969

      Vincent Cronin asserts the moral right to be identified as the Author of this work.

      A catalogue copy of this book is available from the British Library.

      All rights reserved under International and Pan–American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e–book on–screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e–books.

       HarperCollinsPublishers has made every reasonable effort to ensure that any picture content and written content in this ebook has been included or removed in accordance with the contractual and technological constraints in operation at the time of publication.

      Source ISBN: 9780006530435

      Ebook Edition © JULY 2014 ISBN: 9780008106171

      Version: 2014–07–21

       Maps

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Dedication

       Contents

       Cover

       Title Page

       5 The Courtier’s World

       6 The Growth of History

       7 All Things in Movement

       8 The Arts

       9 The Venetian Republic

       10 Venetian Architecture

       11 Venetian Painting

       12 The Response to the Crisis

       13 After the Crisis

       14 Sunset in Venice

       Epilogue

       Keep Reading

       Appendix A: Italian Currencies

       Appendix B: Character and an Anti-Classical Style

       Appendix C: The Whereabouts of Works of Art Mentioned in the Text

       Sources and Notes

       The Popes from 1450 to 1616

       A Table of Dates

       Index

       Notes

       Also by the Author

       About the Publisher

       Prologue

      DURING the fifteenth century, in Florence, a small group of laymen cross-bred Christianity with the best elements of classical Greece and Rome to produce a new way of life which may be termed Christian humanism. This set high value on political freedom, public-spiritedness and free enquiry, on man’s will and imagination, on the beauty and power of the human body which, like all created things, was conceived not as God’s enemy but as His ally, and as an expression of His love. The Christian humanists took a new interest in man as a whole and, as a means of fathoming man’s nature, in literature and the arts, in history and in science. They viewed life no longer as a vale of tears, but as a quest for enlarging man’s powers, and so his awareness of God. They adopted a generous attitude to the views of pagan antiquity and to unorthodox thinkers such as Origen; they even drew near to tolerance in matters of conscience.

      The Christian faith still came first with these early humanists, and in the most famous library of the day the Bible was bound in gold brocade, classical writers in silver. But inevitably there was tension. The pagan lion and Christian lamb do not lie down easily together, and though Plato and the Gospels may be made to harmonize, the balance is delicate. At the end of the fifteenth century Christian humanism came under attack from within, when Savonarola denounced it as a pagan

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