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      JOHN MUIR

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       FROM SCOTLANDTO THESIERRA

      Frederick Turner

       Introduced byGraham White

      CANONGATE

      First published in the USA by Viking Penguin Inc.

      First published in Great Britain in 1997 by

      Canongate Books Ltd,

      14 High Street, Edinburgh EHI ITE.

      Copyright © 1985 Frederick Turner

      Introduction copyright © 1997 Graham White

      This digital edition first published in 2014 by Canongate Books

      Photographs: courtesy of the John Muir Papers, Holt-

      Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of

      the Pacific Libraries, © 1984 Muir-Hanna Trust and courtesy

      of The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

      The right of Frederick Turner to be identified as the author

      of this work has been asserted in accordance with the

      Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this volume is available on request from the British Library.

      ISBN 9781782114314

       www.canongate.tv

       In Memory ofPeter Farb

       Contents

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       Acknowledgments

       Chronology

       Introduction by Graham White

       Prologue: Peru Again

       PART IApprenticed to the Land

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       The Lessons of a Long-Distance Runner

       Discovering the New World

       Terms of Challenge

       PART IIInto His Own

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       Books of Life, Drums of Death

       The Eye Within

       The Thousand-Mile Walk

       PART IIIRediscovering America

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       First Summer

       The Secret Pass

       Civilization and Its Discontents

       Home

       PART IVA Legacy

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       Against the American Grain

       The American Forests

       Other Yosemites

       Notes on Sources

       Index

       Acknowledgments

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      My first debt, chronologically and otherwise, is to my late friend Peter Farb, who enthusiastically encouraged me to attempt this book. Ronald H. Limbaugh, archivist of the Muir Papers at the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific, has been unfailingly generous, both with his time and with his great knowledge of the Muir Papers. Thanks are due also to the members of his staff, especially Berenice Lamson.

      I was cordially assisted by the staffs of other institutions holding Muir materials or items of related interest. These include the Yosemite National Park Research Library, with special thanks to Jack Geyer; the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, with special thanks to James Hanson and Harold Miller; the University of Wisconsin and its archivists Bernard Schermetzler and F. Frank Cook; the Huntington Library; the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, with special thanks to Mary-Ellen Jones; the Widener and Houghton libraries, Harvard University; the Cape Cod Community College library, with thanks to Gregory Masterson; the Martinez (California) Public Library; the John Muir National Historic Site, Martinez, with special thanks to P. J. Ryan, Armando Quintero, Margaret Plummer, and Linda Moon Stumpff; the California Hospital Medical Center, Los Angeles, with thanks to Vicky A. Ryan and Joan Flynn of its Medical Records division; the Military Service Branch, National Archives, with thanks to Brenda Beasley Kepley; the Tennessee State Department of Conservation, with thanks to Terry Bonham.

      Many individuals helped me along my way, and for what they freely gave, the mere mention of their names seems poor recompense. However, my sincere thanks to Millie Stanley, T. H. Watkins, Honora Moore, John Hay, Robert Card, Sr., Stephen B. Oates, Clara Gee Rymer, Grant Barnes, Nelson Lichtenstein, Eric Simmons, William Cadman, Robert E. Fletcher, Dr. John Talley, Eugene Newmann, Holway Jones, Dr. Gulden Mackmull, Harry Kearns, Roy Harvey Pearce, William A. Williams, and Charles A. Reich; to

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