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      IMMIGRANTS OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD

      Reflections on Immigration as a Metaphor of Christian Discipleship

      Copyright © 2008 Annang Asumang. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.

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      ISBN: 978-1-55635-829-6

      EISBN: 978-1-4982-7457-9

      Manufactured in the U.S.A.

      Unless otherwise stated, scripture quotations are from the New International Version of the Bible, made available by the International Bible Society Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 and accessed online at http://www.ibs.org/niv/index.php. All rights reserved throughout the world. Used by permission of International Bible Society.

      Preface

      The current international debate on immigration has largely ignored one of its most important elements. This has to do with the effect of immigration on religion. In this instance, we are concerned with Christianity and immigration. From the perspective of the average Christian, some burning questions have not been adequately debated. What should be the attitude of the Christian to the immigrant? In what particular ways should local churches respond to the social challenges that immigrants bring to their communities? How should the Christian immigrant interpret his or her own experiences in a foreign environment? More pointedly, how does God view immigration? What does the Bible really say about the phenomenon?

      It is admitted that we are living in an era that is far removed from the biblical times. The organization of nation states and their borders are far too sophisticated to demand a return to practices of a pre-scientific era. In addition, the major factors that are fuelling the modern trends of immigration are completely different from those of first century Palestine. These caveats notwithstanding, Christians have no choice but to allow God’s word to shape the way they answer contemporary questions. This means that practically, it is only as believers take the attitude of the Bible to immigration seriously that they can make God-honoring contributions to the debate.

      This book is a biblical reflection on one of this decade’s most important social and international concerns. Its main objective is not to examine the sociological phenomenon or the political and economic implications of immigration. Inevitably, the conclusions from this study should inform how we approach immigration as a socio-economic subject. Given that I have no major competencies in this area of the topic, I have avoided in-depth analysis of the socio-political implications of immigration. What is lacking in that area is however made up for by attending to the Bible’s teaching on the subject.

      This attitude of the Bible to immigration is not presented in a systematic and straightforward manner. It is largely presented through stories. Consequently, this study has not approached the Bible in an organized question and answers fashion. Rather, by examining the individual experiences of some of the giants of the Bible, we will discover insights that should shape our attitude to immigration. Such an approach has the added advantage of not prejudging the answers.

      In approaching each story of immigration in the Bible, I have adopted a two-tier system of interpretation. Each of the stories is examined from the point of view of the phenomenon of immigration itself. In addition however, the story’s depiction of Christian discipleship that challenges all believers will also be emphasized. Such a method, I hope, will make this study valuable to both Christian immigrants and non-immigrants alike. Ultimately, all Christians are aliens of the kingdom of God and immigrants in this world.

      The reflections may be studied by individual Christians for their own edification. However, throughout the book, the emphasis is on application within a communal setting. Accordingly, the chapters will also prove useful as bases for group bible studies. To help in these discussions, brief questions are provided at the end of each chapter. These may be improved and used as starting points for further reflections.

      It remains for me, at this stage, to express my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to all those who have inspired and encouraged me during the preparation. To start with, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr Raymond Akwayena for his constant challenge and encouragement. He has helpfully critiqued and corrected many parts of this book. Thanks also to Jacob Mensah whose comments on some of the draft chapters were extremely helpful. Dr Elijah Paintsil, with whom a brief conversation over a year ago inspired the basic idea of the book, deserves recognition. I am also grateful to my wife, Edna, whose capacity for endurance never fails to amaze me.

      Introduction

      Immigration and the Kingdom of God:Yesterday and Today

      The issue of immigration has assumed a very high profile in the mass media, academia and politics in recent years. Historically, it has always been an important social, political and economic matter, relevant to governments and their citizens alike. This decade has however seen an increasingly heated and sometimes overheated debate about the benefits and disadvantages of immigration. With the world seemingly shrinking through technological advancement, massive movement of people and goods across borders should be expected. Yet, the scale of the movement and its potential consequences appear to have taken most countries by surprise.

      The factors fuelling increased immigration in the present decade are not difficult to identify. The vast differences in economic growth and the gap in the social and political progress between the developed and underdeveloped countries are the major factors. These, coupled with political instability and civil wars in some parts of the world have resulted in the substantial movement of economic migrants. The sad reality is that, for many young adults in less developed countries, immigration has become a necessity.

      On the other hand, recipient countries have often, and understandably, felt destabilized and perhaps even frightened about the possible consequences of immigration. In many of these countries, the concern has been the possible negative effects on the economy, demography and culture. In the last few years for example, the large influx of immigrants from Mexico and Latin American countries into North America has prompted an acrimonious argument in the US. The passionate debate and subsequent failure of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Bill in the US Congress during 2006/07 only serve to illustrate the strong emotions that such issues ignite. In the end, the President’s own Republican Party refused to back his plans to grant amnesty to twelve million resident illegal immigrants.

      In Europe, the situation has also been brought to the fore by the expansion of the European Union to include former communist countries. Citizens from the poorer parts of Europe are now free to travel to the richer countries for work, education and leisure. These immigrants no doubt provide cheaper sources of labor for the host countries. Their presence has however resulted in the perceived displacement of indigenous people from their employment and led to resentment.

      In France, Germany, United Kingdom and other major European countries, there is an ongoing soul-searching on what should be the appropriate policies towards immigrants. Similar debates are underway in Canada, Russia, Japan and Australia. Moderately rich countries such as South Africa, South Korea, Malaysia, Argentina and Brazil are also involved in equivalent national discussions. Immigration is clearly a worldwide socio-political hot potato.

      What has not been adequately discussed during these debates is the influence of immigration on religion in the host countries. Though the increase in the number of Moslem immigrants in the West has been raised in some publications, there has not been any significant analysis of the impact of immigration on the Christian faith. This issue is important because there is evidence to suggest that in the last few years, a renewed movement of God among

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