Amílcar Cabral - Peter Karibe Mendy Ohio Short Histories of Africa

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“Flora” Gomes. I am also particularly grateful to Iva Cabral for her prompt response to my request for images of her father, which she generously provided, with kind identification of the photographers and the copyright holders. I remain beholden to my family, including my extended kindred in Guinea-Bissau, for their unfailing support. Ultimately, I take full responsibility for errors of fact and interpretation as well as translation of quoted Portuguese texts.

      This book is dedicated to the young generation of committed nationalist and Pan-Africanist Cabralistas engaged in life-threatening struggles for social and economic justice, peace, prosperity, and the rights-based unification of the diverse peoples of Africa.

       Abbreviations and Acronyms

ANP Assembleia Nacional Popular (People’s National Assembly)
CEA Centro de Estudos Africanos (Center for African Studies)
CEI Casa dos Estudantes do Império (House of Students of the Empire)
CEL Conselho Executívo da Luta (Executive Council of the Struggle)
CFAO Compagnie Française de l’Afrique Occidentale (French West Africa Company)
CLSTP Comité de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe (Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe)
CONCP Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas (Conference of the Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies)
CSL Conselho Superior da Luta (Higher Council of the Struggle)
CUF Companhia União Fabril (Union Manufacturing Company)
DGS Direção-Geral de Segurança (Directorate-General of Security)
FAP Força Aérea Portuguesa (Portuguese Air Force)
FARP Forças Armadas Revolucionárias do Povo (People’s Revolutionary Armed Forces)
FLING Frente de Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné (Front for Struggle for the National Independence of Guinea)
FLN Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front)
FLNG Front de Libération Nationale de la Guinée (Guinean National Liberation Front)
FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola)
FRAIN Frente Revolucionária Africana para a Independência Nacional das Colónias Portuguesas (African Revolutionary Front for the National Independence of the Portuguese Colonies)
FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Liberation Front of Mozambique)
FUL Front Uni de Libération [de la Guinée et du Cap Vert] (United Liberation Front [of Guinea and Cabo Verde])
ISA Instituto Superior de Agronomia (Higher Institute of Agronomy)
MAC Movimento Anti-Colonialista (Anticolonialist Movement)
MDCP Movimento Democrático das Colónias Portuguesas (Democratic Movement of the Portuguese Colonies)
MFA Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement)
MING Movimento para Independência Nacional da Guiné Portuguesa (Movement for the National Independence of Portuguese Guinea)
MLG Movimento de Libertação da Guiné (Liberation Movement of Guinea)
MLNCP Movimento de Libertação Nacional das Colónias Portuguesas (National Liberation Movement of the Portuguese Colonies)
MMCG Misión Militar Cubana en Guinea y Guinea-Bissau (Cuban Military Mission in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau)
MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)
MUD Movimento de Unidade Democrática (Movement of Democratic Unity)
MUDJ Movimento de Unidade Democrática Juvenil (Youth Movement of Democratic Unity)
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAU Organization of African Unity
PAI Partido Africano da Independência (African Independence Party)
PAIGC Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde)
PCP Partido Comunista Português (Portuguese Communist Party)
PIDE Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (International and State Defense Police)
PLUAA Partido da Luta Unida dos Africanos de Angola (Party of the Unified Struggle of the Africans of Angola)
PRC People’s Republic of China
PS Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) (Portugal)
PSP Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police)
SIDA Swedish International Development Agency
UDEMU União Democrática das Mulheres (Women’s Democratic Union)
UNGP União dos Naturais da Guiné Portuguesa (Union of the Natives of Portuguese Guinea)
UPA União das Populações de Angola (Union of the Peoples of Angola)
UPGP União das Populações da Guiné dita Portuguesa (Union of the Populations of So-Called Portuguese Guinea)
UPLG União Popular para Libertação da Guiné (Popular Union for the Liberation of Guinea)
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

       Introduction

      Amílcar Lopes Cabral was among the iconic political leaders of the twentieth century. A consummate nationalist and Pan-Africanist revolutionary, he masterminded the end of Portuguese rule in Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde and was also actively engaged in the anticolonial struggles in Angola, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The protracted

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