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      Captured Peace

       Ohio University Research in International Studies

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      Captured Peace

       Elites and Peacebuilding in El Salvador

      Christine J. Wade

      Ohio University Press

       Research in International Studies

       Latin America Series No. 52

       Athens, Ohio

      © 2016 by the

      Center for International Studies

      Ohio University

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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Wade, Christine J.

      Title: Captured peace : elites and peacebuilding in El Salvador / Christine J. Wade.

      Description: Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Press, 2016. | Series: Ohio University research in international studies ; no. 52 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2015038304| ISBN 9780896802971 (hardcover : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780896802988 (paperback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780896804913 (PDF)

      Subjects: LCSH: El Salvador—Politics and government—1992– | Elite (Social sciences)—Political activity—El Salvador—History. | Peace-building—Social aspects—El Salvador—History. | Social control—El Salvador—History. | Political violence—El Salvador—History. | Violence—Economic aspects—El Salvador—History. | Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (El Salvador) | Political parties—El Salvador—History. | Political participation—El Salvador—History. | BISAC: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / General. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Peace.

      Classification: LCC F1488.5 .W33 2016 | DDC 972.8405/3—dc23

      LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038304

       For Greg

      Contents

       List of Illustrations

       Acknowledgments

       Abbreviations

       Introduction: Peacebuilding, Elites, and the Problem of Capture

       1. Elites and the Salvadoran State

       2. Making the Captured Peace

       3. Electoral Politics in the Postwar Era: Parties, Polarization, and Participation

       4. El Salvador in the Neoliberal Era

       5. The Politics of Exclusion: Migration, Crime, and Society in the Postwar Era

       6. Reclaiming the Captured Peace

       Notes

       Selected Bibliography

       Index

      Illustrations

       Figures

       4.1 Remittances and poverty rates, 1991–2013

       4.2 Corruption perception index (CPI) scores, 1998–2011

       Tables

       2.1 Phases of the ONUSAL mission, 1991–95

       3.1 Evolution of the polarization of ARENA and the FMLN in the Legislative Assembly

       3.2 Selected results for legislative elections by number of deputies, 1994–2015

       3.3 Selected results for municipal elections by number of municipalities, 1994–2015

       4.1 Key reforms implemented by the Cristiani and Calderón Sol administrations

       4.2 Growth of gross domestic product, 1989–98

       4.3 Economic growth by sector, 1994–2000

       4.4 Trade deficit, 1995–2000

       4.5 Prioritization of problems by department

       4.6 Top three development proposals by department

       4.7 Growth of gross domestic product, 1999–2007

       4.8 Annual remittances, 1991–2000

       4.9 Selected tax source revenues, 1995–2011

       4.10 Annual remittances, 2000–2009

       4.11 Growth of gross domestic product, 2008–13

       4.12 Annual remittances, 2010–14

       5.1 Deportations of Salvadorans from the United States, 1999–2013

       5.2 Homicides, 1994–2014

      Acknowledgments

      This book is based on field research conducted during visits to El Salvador

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