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as a “Laboratory of Native Policy”

       Chapter 3. The Art of (Re)possession: Heritage and the Cultural Politics of Congo’s Decolonization

       Chapter 4. Mobutu’s Museum: Authenticity and Guardianship

       Chapter 5. Civilizing Citizens?: Museums as Brokers of Postcolonial Zairian Modernity

       Chapter 6. Belgian Patrimony, Zairian Treasure, and American Heritage: The Transnational Politics of Congolese Art

       Conclusion. Colonial and Postcolonial Legacies

       Appendix. Expeditions IMNZ Kinshasa, 1970–90

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Color Plates

       Illustrations

      FIGURES

       Figure 1.1. Émile Storms’s home, with Lusinga’s statue centrally displayed, 1929

       Figure 1.2. A collection of minkisi brought to the Kangu mission post, 1902

       Figure 1.3. Art collector Jeanne Walschot, ca. 1940

       Figure 1.4. Colonial Exposition 1897, salle d’honneur

       Figure 1.5. Indigenous art room, ca. 1937, with Kuba royal statue, or ndop

       Figure 1.6. Map of Olbrechts’s style areas, 1946

       Figure 1.7. Congo art room, 1963

       Figure 1.8. Marble Hall, 1954

       Figure 1.9. Paul Wissaert’s The Aniota of Stanley Falls (1913) and Julien Dillens’s De Dragers (The carriers) (1897), 1953

       Figure 1.10. Memorial Hall, 1955

       Figure 1.11. Visit of the Yaka king to the Tervuren museum, 1959

       Figure 2.1. Robert Verly in one of the Tshikapa workshops, 1957

       Figure 2.2. Musée de la Vie Indigène, 1946

       Figure 2.3. Musée de la Vie Indigène, Salle Province de Lusambo, 1946

       Figure 2.4. Musée de la Vie Indigène, corner representing the provinces Stanleyville, Elisabethville, and Costermansville, 1946

       Figure 2.5. Musée de la Vie Indigène, crafts shop, 1946

       Figure 2.6. Musée de la Vie Indigène, 1946

       Figure 2.7. Back view of the museum in Lubumbashi, 1971

       Figure 2.8. Museum of Art and Folklore, Luluabourg, 1959

       Figure 2.9. 1956 Biennale

       Figure 2.10. The sculptor Kaluesha, who worked in one of Robert Verly’s workshops, 1957

       Figure 3.1. The return of a ndop to the IMNZ in 1976

       Figure 4.1. Sculptor Kaseya Tambwe Makumbi with a statue commissioned by the IMNZ, 1974

       Figure 4.2. Second IMNZ mission, Kiadi and Charlie Hénault, near Mushenge, 1970

       Figure 4.3. Kabongo-Kabalo route, Luba area, February 1974

       Figure 4.4. IMNZ mission, location unknown, 1970

       Figure 4.5. Museum employee Epulu among the Mbuti, northeastern Zaire, March 1973

       Figure 4.6. Museum employee Ngamba and a Songye mask, fallen victim to a rat, May 19, 1974

       Figure 4.7. Nzembele among the Mbole in zone Opala, April 1974

       Figure 5.1. Mont Stanley, Leopoldville, 1957

       Figure 5.2. Le Bouclier de la Révolution (The shield of the revolution), by Liyolo

       Figure 5.3. IMNZ buildings on Mont Ngaliema, Kinshasa, 1970s

       Figure 5.4. IMNZ storeroom with Kuba masks, 1976

       Figure 5.5. Early exhibition on Mont Ngaliema, IMNZ, Kinshasa, early 1970s

      Figure 5.6. Yaka rattle mask, ABA exposition space, Kinshasa.

       Figure 5.7. ABA exposition space, Kinshasa

       Figure 5.8. FIKIN exposition, Pende statue of mother and child, Kinshasa, July 1976

       Figure 5.9. FIKIN exposition, Kinshasa, July 1976

       Figure 5.10. FIKIN exposition, Kinshasa, July 1976

       Figure 5.11. Front cover of Initiation à l’art plastique Zairois d’aujourd’hui (Introduction to contemporary zaïrian visual art), published for the AICA modern art exhibition; painting by Chenge Baruti

       Figure 5.12. Le Militant (The militant), by Liyolo

       Figure 5.13. Badi-Banga in his office at the IMNZ, Kinshasa, n.d. [1970s]

       Figure 5.14. Kuba sculptor Sham Kwete with three ndop reproductions, 1974

       Figure 6.1. Art of the Congo, Walker Art Center, 1967

       Figure 6.2. Art of the Congo, Walker Art Center, 1967

       Figure 6.3. Art of the Congo, Walker Art Center, 1967

       Figure 6.4. Art of the Congo, Walker Art Center, 1967

       Figure 6.5. Art of the Congo, Milwaukee Art Museum, 1969

       Figure 6.6. Art of the Congo, Milwaukee Art Museum, 1969

       Figure 6.7. Catalog covers for Art of the Congo (Walker Art Center and RMCA, 1967) and Art from Zaire (AAI and IMNZ, 1976)

       Figure 6.8. Lengola figure, Art from Zaire, Indianapolis Museum of Art, 1977

       Figure 6.9. Art

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