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      Earlier versions of parts of chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 appeared in

      Glenn J. Dorn, “Pushing Tin: U.S.-Bolivian Relations and the Coming

      of the National Revolution,” Diplomatic History 35 (April 2011): 203–28 (first published online 6 March 2011).

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Dorn, Glenn J.

       The Truman administration and Bolivia : making the world safe for

      liberal constitutional oligarchy / Glen J. Dorn.

       p. cm.

       Includes bibliographical references and index.

       Summary “Examines the interaction of the Truman administration in U.S. and five Bolivian governments in years leading up to Victor Paz Estenssoro’s National Revolution, focusing on negotiations over the price of tin”—Provided by the publisher.

      ISBN 978-0-271-05015-7 (cloth : alk. paper)

      1. United States—Foreign relations—Bolivia.

       2. Bolivia—Foreign relations—United States.

       3. United States—Foreign relations—1945–1953.

       4. Bolivia—Foreign relations—20th century.

       5. Tin—Prices—Bolivia—History—20th century.

       6. Tin industry—Bolivia—Government policy—History—20th century.

       I. Title.

      E183.8.B6D67 2011

      327.73084—dc 23

      2011023350

      Copyright © 2011 The Pennsylvania State University

      All rights reserved

      Printed in the United States of America

      Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press,

      University Park, PA 16802-1003

      It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ANSI z39.48–1992.

      The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American Universty Presses.

      This book is printed on Natures Natural, which contains 50% post-

      consumer waste.

      For Cassandra

      CONTENTS

      Acknowledgments ix

      List of Abbreviations xi

      Introduction 1

      1 Villarroel: April 1945–July 1946 27

      2 Junta: July 1946–March 1947 49

      3 Hertzog: March 1947–May 1949 71

      4 Urriolagoitia: May 1949–June 1950 95

      5 To the Mamertazo: July 1950–May 1951 117

      6 Ballivián: May 1951–April 1952 137

      7 Paz Estenssoro: April 1952–January 1953 163

      Conclusion 185

      Epilogue 197

      Notes 211

      Selected Bibliography 242

      Index 248

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      In writing The Truman Administration and Bolivia, I have enjoyed the support of more friends, family members, mentors, and colleagues than I could ever deserve. Without them, this project could never have been realized.

      I would like to begin by thanking the teachers and historians who taught me what I know of the historian’s craft. I owe my career in this profession to Michael Hogan, whose patience and skill as a mentor cannot be overstated. The lessons that he, Peter Hahn, Warren Van Tine, and my other professors at Ohio State University taught me were invaluable. William O. Walker III has, quite literally, been there for me from my first day as an undergraduate. As a freshman chemistry major, I was blessed to attend his 8 a.m. U.S. history class. His passion and skill as a teacher, along with that of David Steigerwald and Richard Spall, drew me to the field of history and convinced me to make a career of it. I have continued to call upon Bill’s wisdom and advice ever since. My first day of teaching was as a one-year replacement for him, and I took it as my mission to do for my students what he had done for me. I remind myself of that every semester and attempt to rise to that near-impossible challenge each year.

      This project presented new challenges for me, and I am grateful for all of those who lent me their expertise. The archivists at the U.S. National Archives, the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library, and the George Meany Memorial Archives in Washington, D.C., were, as always, invaluable in my research and a credit to their great profession. Martha Paredes in La Paz and Carlos Dellapiane in Buenos Aires had the more challenging task of helping me find what I needed in their archives. Both showed more patience and dedication than I had any right to ask for. Before and during my trip to La Paz, James Siekmeier and Thomas Field provided insight and assistance that added much to the venture. Donald Burge at the University of New Mexico went far above and beyond the call of duty to ensure that I was able to access Senator Chavez’s records. The staff at Penn State University Press deserve special recognition for their skill, professionalism, and patience. I cannot thank enough Sanford Thatcher, Kendra Boileau, Laura Reed-Morrisson, Stephanie Grace, and the rest of the PSUP staff, as well as copy editor Jeffrey H. Lockridge, for the time and effort they spent to improve my work and shepherd it to publication.

      I also want to thank my colleagues at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU). James Libbey has been a mentor since I arrived in Daytona Beach and has been my model for how to balance teaching and research. I aspire to excel at each, as he did. Steve Craft contributed to this work more than he can know. Whenever I reached a difficult point in the research and writing, Steve’s suggestions and comments unfailingly pointed me in the right direction. Lynnette Porter has been not only a great friend but also the toughest, most diligent editor I have ever run across. Donna Barbie of the Humanities and Social Sciences Department, Dean Bill Grams, Chief Academic Officer Richard Heist, and President John Johnson ensured that I had the time and money I needed to fulfill some ambitious research and travel goals. That they did so in difficult financial times only adds to the debt I owe them. My colleagues and students at ERAU have made it nothing less than a home for me, and for that I

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