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      CRISIS IN IDENTITY

      CRISIS IN

       IDENTITY

      AND

       CONTEMPORARY

       JAPANESE NOVELS

      by

       Arthur G. Kimball

      CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY

       Rutland · Vermont: Tokyo · Japan

      REPRESENTATIVES

      For Continental Europe:

       BOXERBOOKS, INC., Zurich

      For the British Isles:

       PRENTICE-HALL INTERNATIONAL, INC., London

      For Australasia:

       PAUL FLESCH & CO., PTY. LTD., Melbourne

      For Canada:

       M. G. HURTIG, LTD., Edmonton

      Published by the Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc.

       of Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan

       with editorial offices at

       Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032

      Copyright in Japan 1973

       by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.

      All rights reserved

      Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 72-91549

       ISBN: 978-1-4629-1208-7 (ebook)

      First printing, 1973

      PRINTED IN JAPAN

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
1 CRISIS IN IDENTITY
2 THE WAR AND THE CANNIBALS
Fires on the Plain (Shohei Ooka)
Luminous Moss (Taijun Takeda)
No Requiem (Tadashi Moriya)
3 AFTER THE BOMB
Black Rain (Masuji Ibuse)
4 IDENTITY LOST
Homecoming (Jiro Osaragi)
5 THE CREATIVE QUEST
The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Yukio Mishima)
6 THE LAST EXTREMITY
House of the Sleeping Beauties (Yasunari Kawabata)
Diary of a Mad Old Man (Junichiro Tanizaki)
7 IDENTITY FOUND
The Woman in the Dunes (Kobo Abe)
8 A NEW HERO
A Personal Matter (Kenzaburo Oe)
NOTES
SYLLABUS: A Suggested Reading Course
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

      PREFACE

      Although a considerable number of Japanese novels and short stories have been translated into English, very little in the way of analyses or other literary criticism is available. A few specialized studies on individual authors exist, but virtually nothing in terms of a thematic study covering a given period such as the post-World-War-II era under consideration here. Hopefully, this book will contribute to the improvement of this situation.

      More specifically, the book is intended to encourage the reading, study, and appreciation of contemporary Japanese fiction and, through it, an understanding of Japan and Japanese culture. The various chapters, including the Syllabus at the end, aim to stimulate and encourage general readers and students to deepen their knowledge of the available literature. The Syllabus in particular aims to encourage the teaching of Japanese literature in the classroom, at both high school and university level, by supplying the teacher and student with study aids.

      The book is based on an important and much-discussed contemporary theme, that of identity. This is, of course, only one of many possible approaches; for, as the reader may already know, Japanese literature is rich and diversified. The author, without apology, acknowledges his framework to be primarily that of Western critical assumptions and ideas, to say nothing of his own personal quirks. Hopefully, others will contribute their own insights and further the cause of intercultural understanding.

      The author wishes to thank publishers who granted permission to quote material under their copyright.

      ARTHUR KIMBALL

      1

      CRISIS IN IDENTITY

      In his intriguing prize-winning essay, "Patterns of Alienation in Contemporary Japan," Munesuke Mita probes the sources of modern Japanese anxiety as they surface in the personal advice column of one of Japan's largest newspapers, the Yomiuri Shimbun.1 His purpose, Mita says, "is to (a) describe the processes by which self-alienation determines the everyday existence of ordinary people and (b) draw a composite picture of the numerous factors which impinge on the life situation of contemporary man."2 Mita's effort, in short, is an examination of the postwar Japanese quest for identity. In a country profoundly influenced by the doctrine of "non-recognition of the ego," whose citizens are inclined to identify with or even dissolve into the group, the quest is striking.

      Taking as material 304 cases printed in the Yomiuri during 1962, Mita analyzes the causes and backgrounds of a representative sampling. In one case, a nineteen-year-old high school graduate finds himself frustrated and depressed by his situation. He has failed to pass the entrance examination of the college he desires and so must pass an additional year as a ronin) or "floating student," studying in hopes of succeeding in the exams the following year. But the father's income is limited

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