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       Silk, Slaves, and Stupas

       The publisher and the University of California Press Foundation gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Constance and William Withey Endowment Fund in History and Music.

       Silk, Slaves, and Stupas

      MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE SILK ROAD

       Susan Whitfield

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      UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      University of California Press

      Oakland, California

      © 2018 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Whitfield, Susan, 1960– author.

      Title: Silk, slaves, and stupas : material culture of the Silk Road / Susan Whitfiel.

      Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

      Identifiers: LCCN 2018001196 (print) | LCCN 2018002111 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520957664 (e-edition) | ISBN 9780520281776 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520281783 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      Subjects: LCSH: Silk Road—History. | Asia—Antiquities. | Material culture—Silk Road.

      Classification: LCC DS33.1 (ebook) | LCC DS33.1 .W46 2018 (print) | DDC 950.1—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001196

      27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      CONTENTS

       List of Illustrations

       Acknowledgments

       Note on Transliteration and Names

       Introduction

      1 • A Pair of Steppe Earrings

      2 • A Hellenistic Glass Bowl

      3 • A Hoard of Kushan Coins

      4 • Amluk Dara Stupa

      5 • A Bactrian Ewer

      6 • A Khotanese Plaque

      7 • The Blue Qurʾan

      8 • A Byzantine Hunter Silk

      9 • A Chinese Almanac

      10 • The Unknown Slave

       Bibliography

       Index

      PLATES

      1a. The steppe earrings (chapter 1).

      1b. The Hellenistic glass bowl (chapter 2).

      2. Debra Damo in 2011 (chapter 3).

      3. Sacred area and main stupa of Amluk Dara, 2012 (chapter 4).

      4. The Bactrian ewer (chapter 5).

      5. The Khotanese plaque (chapter 6).

      6. A folio of the Blue Qurʾan (chapter 7).

      7. The hunter silk (chapter 8).

      8. A detail from the Chinese printed almanac (chapter 9).

      MAPS

      1. Silk Roads by land and sea across Afro-Eurasia.

      2. Silk Roads by land in Central and East Asia with places discussed in Chapter 1.

      3. Silk Roads across Asia with places discussed in Chapter 2.

      4. Silk Roads by land and sea in West Asia with places discussed in Chapter 3.

      5. Detail of Silk Road in Central Asia with places discussed in Chapter 4.

      6. Silk Roads by land in Central Asia with places discussed in Chapter 6.

      7. Silk Roads by land and sea, linking Europe, North Africa and West Asia, with places discussed in Chapter 7.

      8. Silk Roads by land through Central Asia with sea routes to in South and East Asia with places discussed in Chapter 9.

      FIGURES

      1. A reconstruction of the headdress that includes the steppe earrings.

      2. The designs on the jade plaques used in the earrings.

      3. The design on the belt plaque from grave M2.

      4. Structure of crystalline solid, liquid, and amorphous materials.

      5. Form of glass bowls found in Hepu and Guixian, South China.

      6. Engraving of a wooden boat, from the tomb of the king of Nan Yue.

      7. Coin of Wima Kadphises.

      8. Tamgha of the Kushan kings used on the coins.

      9. Coin of Kaniška I.

      10. Coins of Huviškas.

      11. Coin of Vasudeva I.

      12. Plan of Sanchi Stupa.

      13. Plan of Amluk Dara stupa.

      14. Amluk Dara stupa in 1926.

      15. Silver drachme of an Alkhan king showing his deformed head.

      16. Design on the outside of the Chilek bowl.

      17. Design on the ewer.

      18. A folio from the Book of Zambasta.

      19. Plan of Dandan-Uliq, house no. 7 (VII).

      20. Details of a scene from the sarcophagus of Yu Hong.

      21. A parchment maker.

      22. The formation of quires or sections using five bifolia.

      23. The sewing together of quires to form a codex.

      24. Seventeenth-century Chinese depiction of sericulture.

      25. A Chinese treadle loom.

      26. A Chinese drawloom.

      27. Mozac Abbey, 2016.

      28. Detail of the almanac showing the Chinese animal zodiac.

      29. Detail of the almanac showing a fengshui diagram.

      30. Fragment of privately printed almanac from the Chinese capital.

      31.

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