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      University of California Press

      Oakland, California

      © 2017 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Vrana, Heather A., author.

      Title: This city belongs to you : a history of student activism in Guatemala, 1944–1996 / Heather Vrana.

      Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2017004051 (print) | LCCN 2017006970 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520292215 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520292222 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520965720 (ebook)

      Subjects: LCSH: Student movements—Guatemala—History—20th century.

      Classification: LCC LA453 .V73 2017 (print) | LCC LA453 (ebook) | DDC 378.1/981097281—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004051

      Manufactured in the United States of America

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       To every student who dreams of changing the world.

      CONTENTS

       List of Illustrations

       Preface

       Acknowledgments

       List of Abbreviations

       Introduction: “Do Not Mess with Us!”

      1 • The Republic of Students, 1942–1952

      2 • Showcase for Democracy, 1953–1957

      3 • A Manner of Feeling, 1958–1962

      4 • Go Forth and Teach All, 1963–1977

      5 • Combatants for the Common Cause, 1976–1978

      6 • Student Nationalism without a Government, 1977–1980

       Coda: “Ahí van los estudiantes!” 1980–Present

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

ILLUSTRATIONS

      MAPS

      1.Political Map of Guatemala

      2.New Transit Plan for Downtown Guatemala City, 1952

      FIGURES

      1.Citizens gathered in front of the National Palace, October 20, 1944

      2.President Arévalo depicted as a woman before a stereotypical indigenous peasant on a float for the desfile bufo, 1945

      3.Lionel Sisniega Otero and Mario López Villatoro broadcasting for Radio de la Liberación, Chiquimula, 1954

      4.Cover of the Boletín del CEUAGE, May 22, 1954

      5.Carlos Castillo Armas visiting the new University City in September 1954

      6.Front page of the No Nos Tientes, 1966

      7.Juan Tecú comic depicting the development of a military officer. No Nos Tientes, 1969

      8.“Go forth and learn from all . . .” Mural by Arnoldo Ramírez Amaya, 1973

      9.The bloody symbol of the National Liberation Movement. Mural by Arnoldo Ramírez Amaya, 1973

      10.Youth spray painting a wall with the slogan, “Student Who Listens, Organize and Fight”

      11.“Guatemala ’78: Home of the World Championships of Assassinations”

      12.Protestors confront National Police on La Sexta, August 3, 1978

      13.National Police detain unknown people on La Sexta in Zone 1, Guatemala City, January 31, 1980

      14.A scene of political violence in Zone 1, Guatemala City, ca. 1980

      15.Mourners carry red carnations and process down La Sexta at the funeral for Oliverio Castañeda de León

      16.Iduvina Hernández walks with a comrade at the funeral for a union leader from CAVISA, 1978

      17.Funeral for the victims of the Spanish Embassy Fire, Guatemala City, February 1980

      18.Memorial for victims of the Spanish Embassy Fire with Gregorio Yujá’s casket, Guatemala City, February 1980

      19.Banner of the Asociación de Estudiantes de Humanidades (AEH) at a protest on International Workers’ Day, May 1, 1980

      20.Flyer advertising a protest in front of the Guatemalan Embassy in Mexico City, 1982

      21.Popular organizations protest while under surveillance, ca. 1980

      22.Murals and sculpture commemorating university martyrs in the USAC School of History, July 2016

      23.H.I.J.OS. posters and graffiti on La Sexta, July 2016

PREFACE

      Universitario, this city belongs to you. Construct your talent within her, so that future generations can quench their thirst for knowledge here. May your academic life be sacred, fecund, and beautiful. Enter not into this city of the spirit, without a well-proven love of truth.

      DR. CARLOS MARTÍNEZ DURÁN

      This precept marks the entrance to the Universidad de San Carlos’s main campus in Zone 12, at the southern edge of Guatemala City. It was delivered by renowned Guatemalan physician, professor, and historian Carlos Martínez Durán during his first tenure as rector of the autonomous university after the 1944 revolution, and has been remembered and repeated since. Perhaps it is so enduring because it delimits both the campus and the surrounding capital city as the domain of universitarios. But it also demands an undefined love of truth as a precondition of entrance into this

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