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      the CHINESE in TORONTO from 1878

      the CHINESE in TORONTO from 1878

      From Outside to Inside the Circle

      ARLENE CHAN

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      DUNDURN

      NATURAL HERITAGE

      TORONTO

      Copyright © Arlene Chan, 2011

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.

      Editor: Jennifer McKnight

      Copy Editor: Matt Baker

      Design: Jesse Hooper

      Printer: Webcom

      Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

      Chan, Arlene

      The Chinese in Toronto from 1878 : from outside to inside the circle / Arlene Chan.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Also issued in electronic formats.

      ISBN 978-1-55488-979-2

      1. Chinese Canadians--Ontario--Toronto--History. 2. Chinese Canadians--Ontario--Toronto--Biography. I. Title.

      FC3097.9.C5C53 2011 971.3'541004951 C2011-903812-9

      1 2 3 4 5 15 14 13 12 11

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      We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund and Livres Canada Books, and the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Book Publishing Tax Credit and the Ontario Media Development Corporation.

      Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credits in subsequent editions.

       J. Kirk Howard, President

      Front Cover: Chinatown’s gateway, a symbol of the acceptance of the Chinese in Toronto. Photo by Jens Ronneberger.

      BC (Back Cover) 1: The Nanking Restaurant. Harry Tang Collection.

      BC 2: Patrick Chan, fourth consecutive national champion, 2011 Canadian Figure Skating Championships. Photo by Gerard Chataigneau.

      Printed and bound in Canada.

      www.dundurn.com.

Dundurn3 Church Street, Suite 500Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5E 1M2 Gazelle Book Services LimitedWhite Cross MillsHigh Town, Lancaster, EnglandLA1 4XS Dundurn2250 Military RoadTonawanda, NYU.S.A. 14150

      To my parents, Doyle and Jean Lumb, who, in their own lifetimes, witnessed and participated in the movement of the Chinese in Toronto from outside to inside the circle of Canadian life.

      CONTENTS

       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

       INTRODUCTION

       ONEThe Gold Rush and the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1858–1885

       TWOThe Birth of Toronto’s Chinatown, 1885–1922

       THREEEarly Organizations and the Great War, 1885–1922

       FOURThe Bachelor Society and the War Years, 1923–1947

       FIVESaving Chinatown, 1947–1966

       SIXThe Changing Face of Chinatown from 1967

       SEVENEthnoburbs in the 1980s

       EIGHT…Diversity in the 1990s and 2000s

       NINEInside the Circle

       AppendixI

       Chinese Canadians (Greater Toronto Area) Appointed to the Order of Canada, 1976–2010

       AppendixII

       Chinese Canadians (Greater Toronto Area) Appointed to the Order of Ontario, 1991–2010

       NOTES

       SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

       INDEX

       ABOUT THE AUTHOR

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      I am grateful to so many individuals who took time to tell me their stories of life in Chinatown and to share their memories and photographs from precious family albums. Many thanks to Nelson Wong, Wendall Chin, Victor Wong, Mavis Garland, Gordon Chong, Albert Lee, Harry Tang, Shirley Hune, Bernice Hune, Doug Hum, Linda Chan, Monica Ssutu, Alfie Yip, Lin Yip, Roberta Lau, Keira Loughran, Stephen Siu, Harry Chong, and Susan Chong. My gratitude also extends to Ruth Lor Malloy, Lou Manning, and Matthew Law, who granted permission to include their photographs, but especially to Jens Ronneberger and Tam Kam Chiu, who brought my wish list to life with their cameras. Valerie Mah’s landmark works on the early Chinese in Toronto were invaluable. The incredible resources of the Toronto Public Library — particularly the Urban Affairs Library and Toronto Reference Library — and the Toronto Archives helped my research immensely. The Multicultural History Society of Ontario was accessible and I thank Carl Thorpe, Dora Nipp, and Emily Beliveau for their advice, diligence, and patience. I am grateful to the scholars, researchers, historians, and journalists who have written about the Chinese diaspora, providing me with rich resources to tell the story of the Chinese in Toronto.

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