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      The Doppler Method for the Detection of Exoplanets

       A P Hatzes

       Thüringen Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

      IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK

      Copyright © IOP Publishing Ltd 2020

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by law or under terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, the Copyright Clearance Centre and other reproduction rights organizations.

      Permission to make use of IOP Publishing content other than as set out above may be sought at [email protected].

      A P Hatzes has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1689-7 (ebook)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1687-3 (print)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1774-0 (myPrint)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1688-0 (mobi)

      DOI 10.1088/2514-3433/ab46a3

      Version: 20191201

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      book-subject-category

      Astro

      book-subject-category

      Inst

      ISSN 2514-3433 (online)

      ISSN 2515-141X (print)

      2515-141X

      AAS-IOP Astronomy

      2018

      Published by IOP Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London

      IOP Publishing, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol, BS1 6HG, UK

      US Office: IOP Publishing, Inc., 190 North Independence Mall West, Suite 601, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA

       AAS Editor in Chief

      Ethan Vishniac, John Hopkins University, Maryland, US

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      The American Astronomical Society (aas.org), established 1899, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. The membership (∼7,000) also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers and others whose research interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects now comprising the contemporary astronomical sciences. The mission of the Society is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe.

      Contents

       Preface

       Acknowledgments

       Author biography

       1 Introduction

       1.1 The Dawn of Doppler Measurements

       1.2 Early Work on Stellar Radial Velocity Measurements

       1.3 Toward Precise Stellar Radial Velocity Measurements

       1.4 The Early Hints of Exoplanets

       1.5 The 51 Peg Revolution

       1.6 The Doppler Method

       References

       2 The Instruments for Doppler Measurements

       2.1 Echelle Spectrographs

       2.1.1 Gratings

       2.1.2 Cross-dispersers

       2.1.3 Dispersion and Spectral Resolution

       2.1.4 The Blaze Function

       2.1.5 Scattered Light

       2.2 Fourier Transform Spectrometers

       2.3 Charge-coupled Device Detectors

       2.3.1 The Structure and Operation of a CCD

       2.3.2 Quantum Efficiency

       2.3.3 Bias Level

       2.3.4 Gain

       2.3.5 Readout Noise and Dark Current

       2.3.6 Charge Transfer Efficiency

       2.3.7 Linearity

       2.3.8 Flat Fielding

       2.3.9

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