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      THE WAYWARD COMET

      THE WAYWARD COMET

      A DESCRIPTIVE HISTORY OF COMETARY ORBITS, KEPLER’S PROBLEM AND THE COMETARIUM

      MARTIN BEECH

       Universal-Publishers Boca Raton

      The Wayward Comet: A Descriptive History of Cometary Orbits, Kepler’s Problem and the Cometarium

      Copyright © 2016 Martin Beech

      All rights reserved.

      No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher.

      Universal-Publishers

      Boca Raton, Florida • USA

      2016

      ISBN-10: 1-62734-064-5

      ISBN-13: 978-1-62734-064-9

       www.universal-publishers.com

      Cover design: tatlin.net

      Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Beech, Martin, 1959-

      The wayward comet : a descriptive history of cometary orbits, Kepler’s problem and the cometarium / Martin Beech.

      pages cm

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN: 978-1-62734-064-9 (pbk.)

      1. Comets. 2. Solar system. 3. Outer space. 4. Kepler, Johannes, 1571-1630. 5. Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727. I. Title.

      QB721.4 .B44 2015

      523.6—dc23

      2015915250

      This book is humbly dedicated to Professor David W. Hughes,

      who has inspired my interest in small solar system objects over many years, and to all the researchers, planners and engineers who made the European Space Agency’s Rosetta Mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko such a wonderful success.

      “And a wayward comet was flashing there –

       And he shone upon the sea;

       Where a spectre-bark, like a thing of air,

       Was moving wearily;

       He shot away from sphere to sphere

       With a strange and reckless speed;

       With a flight of beauty – a flight of fear –

       Where none had dared to lead;

       And every ray from him that fell,

       Went into the soul, like a secret spell.” [1]

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

       INTRODUCTION

       1. THE COMET CONSTRAINED

       The education of Euphrosyne

       The workings of the solar system: a brief history

       Coda: Newton’s proof of K2

       Comet C/1680 V1 - the game changer

       Halley’s bold predictions

       An aside on conic sections – especially ellipses

       The cometary orbit described

       Extending the solar system

       Beyond the 2-dimensional page

       Into the public domain

       The living Orrery

       2. PLANETARY MACHINES

       The mechanical universe

       The Orrery and Planetarium

       Beyond the circle

       Desaguliers mercurium

       Planetary machines

       The cometarium proper

       Variations on a theme

       The forgotten empty focus

       Transition

       3. SOLVING KEPLER’S PROBLEM

       The problem to be solved

       Radau’s graphical method

       Wren’s rolling circle

       Rambout’s rolling protractor

       Carlini’s wheel

       A mysterious hybrid

       Out with old, in with the new

       Coda: a modern cometarium

       4. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE COMETARIUM

       Changing times

       In the public eye

       In the eye of the student

       Patents

       Catalogs, inventories and auctions

       What

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