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      MAYA JASANOFF

      Liberty’s Exiles

      The Loss of America and the Remaking of the British Empire

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      Dedication

      In memory of Kamala Sen (1914–2005) and

      Edith Jasanoff (1913–2007),

      emigrants and storytellers

      Contents

       Cover

       Title Page

       Dedication

       List of Maps

       Cast of Characters

       Introduction: The Spirit of 1783

       PART I: REFUGEES

       Chapter One - Civil War

       Chapter Two - An Unsettling Peace

       Chapter Three - A New World Disorder

       PART II: SETTLERS

       Chapter Four - The Heart of Empire

       Chapter Five - A World in the Wilderness

       Chapter Six - Loyal Americas

       PART III: SUBJECTS

       Chapter Seven - Islands in a Storm

       Chapter Eight - False Refuge

       Chapter Nine - Promised Land

       Chapter Ten - Empires of Liberty

       Conclusion: Losers and Founders

       Picture Section

       Appendix: Measuring the Exodus

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

       A Note About the Author

       A Note on the Type

       Also by Maya Jasanoff

       Illustrations Credits

       Copyright

       About the Publisher

       Notes

       List of Maps

      The Loyalist Diaspora

      The Loyalists’ North America

      The Thirteen Colonies in 1776

      The Battle of Yorktown

      The Southern Colonies During the War

      North America After the Peace of Paris

      The British Isles

      The Maritimes After the Loyalist Influx

      Port Roseway, Nova Scotia

      Loyalist Settlements on the Saint John River

      The Bahamas and the Coast of East Florida

      Jamaica

      Freetown and the Mouth of the Sierra Leone River

      North America in the War of 1812

      Northern India

      Cast of Characters

       (in order of appearance)

      BEVERLEY ROBINSON AND FAMILY

      A native Virginian, Beverley Robinson (1722–1792) moved to New York and married the wealthy heiress Susanna Philipse in 1748. He raised the Loyal American Regiment in 1777. After the evacuation of New York, Robinson settled in England, where he died in 1792. His widow and two daughters, Susan and Joanna, remained in England until their deaths. His five sons enjoyed profitable careers in different parts of the British Empire. The eldest, beverley robinson jr. (1754–1816), lieutenant colonel of the Loyal American Regiment, settled outside Fredericton in 1787 and became a member of the New Brunswick provincial elite. frederick philipse “phil” robinson (1763–1852) was a career soldier who attained considerable prominence as a general in the Peninsular War and War of 1812, for which services he earned a knighthood. At the time of his death, General Robinson was the “grandfather” of the British army, the longest-serving officer on its books. The youngest son, WILLIAM HENRY ROBINSON (1765–1836), distinguished himself in the British army’s commissariat department, for which he also received a knighthood. He married Catherine Skinner, daughter of loyalist general Cortlandt Skinner, and sister of Maria Skinner Nugent.

      JOSEPH BRANT (THAYENDANEGEA) (1743–1807)

      As a teenager in colonial New York, the Mohawk Indian Joseph Brant—or Thayendanegea in Mohawk—fell under the patronage of British superintendent of Indian affairs Sir William Johnson, who had married Brant’s elder sister molly (ca. 1736–1796). Brant was educated at Wheelock’s Indian school in Connecticut, and fought for the British in both the Seven Years’ War and Pontiac’s War. During the American Revolution, Joseph and Molly Brant helped recruit Iroquois to the British cause. In 1783 Brant initiated the resettlement of dislocated Mohawks in Canada. From his new home on the Grand River (today’s Brantford, Ontario), Brant tried to reunite Iroquois nations divided by the

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